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master control number

Толкование Перевод

1 master control number

MCN, master control number

основной контрольный номер

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > master control number
2 master control number

Военный термин: основной контрольный номер

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > master control number
3 master control number

Military: MCN

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > master control number
4 control device
аппарат управления
Контактный коммутационный аппарат для управления аппаратурой распределения или управления, в том числе для сигнализации, электрической блокировки и т. п.
Примечание. Аппарат управления состоит из одного или нескольких контактных элементов с общей системой управления.
МЭК 60050(441-14-46).
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

control switch (for control and auxiliary circuits)
a mechanical switching device which serves the purpose of controlling the operation of switchgear or controlgear, including signalling, electrical interlocking, etc
NOTE – A control switch consists of one or more contact elements with a common actuating system.
[IEV number 441-14-46]

FR

auxiliaire de commande (pour circuits auxiliaires de commande)
appareil mécanique de connexion dont la fonction est de commander la manoeuvre d'un appareillage, y compris la signalisation, le verrouillage électrique, etc
NOTE – Un auxiliaire de commande comporte un ou plusieurs éléments de contact et un mécanisme transmetteur commun.
[IEV number 441-14-46]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
Синонимы
- аппарат для цепей управления и вспомогательных цепей
EN
- control device
- control switch (for control and auxiliary circuits)
DE
- Hilfsstromschalter
FR
- auxiliaire de commande (pour circuits auxiliaires de commande)
контрольно-измерительное оборудование
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- control device
орган управления
Часть ~~системы~~ аппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

орган управления
Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]

орган управления
Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
Примечания
1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
[ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
Примечание
В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]

орган управления
Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
Примечание.
Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

органы управления
Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

орган управления
-
[IEV number 442-04-14]

средства оперирования
-
[Интент]

EN

actuator
the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

actuator
part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
[IEC 60204-1 -2005]

actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]

FR

organe de commande
partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]

Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
[ГОСТ Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК 60947-3-99) ]

ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;...
[ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
[Перевод Интент]

Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
[Перевод Интент]

1.2.2. Control devices

Control devices must be:
— clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
— positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
— designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
— located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
— positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
— designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
— made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.

1.2.2. Органы управления

Органы управления должны быть:
- четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
- расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
- сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
- расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
- расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
- сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
- сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.

Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.

Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.

Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.

Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.

Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.

Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).

Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.

Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.

From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.

Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.

If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.

Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.

The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.

[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
- электробезопасность
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- средства оперирования
EN
DE
FR
- organe de commande
- organe de manoeuvre
управляющее устройство
Устройство, включенное в цепь управления и используемое для управления работой машины (например, датчик положения, ручной контрольный переключатель, реле, электромагнитный клапан).
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

EN
- control device
DE
- Steuergerät
FR
- appareil de commande
управляющее устройство (электропривода)
Устройство, предназначенное для формирования управляющих воздействий в электроприводе.
[ ГОСТ Р 50369-92]

Тематики
- электропривод
EN
- control device
DE
- Steuereinrichtung
устройство для регулирования дебета
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
- control device
устройство контроля
контрольный прибор
средство контроля
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
- контрольный прибор
- средство контроля
EN
- control device
~~прибор~~ устройство цепи управления
~~Прибор~~ Устройство, включенныйое в цепь управления и используемыйое для управления работой машины (например, датчик положения, ручной выключатель управления, реле, контактор, электромагнитный клапан).
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

EN

control device
device connected into the control circuit and used for controlling the operation of the machine (for example position sensor, manual control switch, relay, contactor, magnetically operated valve)
[IEC 60204-1, ed. 5.0 (2005-10)]
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

FR

appareil de commande
appareil raccordé au circuit de commande et servant à commander le fonctionnement de la machine (par exemple un capteur de position, un auxiliaire manuel de commande, un relais, un contacteur, un électrodistributeur)
[IEC 60204-1, ed. 5.0 (2005-10)]

Номинальный ток коммутационной аппаратуры выбирают с учетом мощностей, потребляемых всеми устройствами цепи управления.
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 8528-4—2005]

Одно устройство для цепи управления может иметь несколько групп механически связанных контактных элементов.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.5.1-2005 (МЭК 60947-5-1:2003)]

Электромеханические устройства цепей управления
[МЭК 60947-5-1:2003]

При питании от понижающего трансформатора через выпрямительное устройство цепей управления постоянного тока, имеющих выключатели безопасности, один из полюсов этого устройства на стороне выпрямленного напряжения должен быть заземлен.
[Правила устройства и безопасной эксплуатации лифтов ]

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
- прибор управления (1)
Примечание(1)- Мнение автора карточки
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- электроустановки
EN
- control device
FR
- appareil de commande
фонтанная задвижка
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
устройство управления (control device): Средство, с помощью которого пользователь управляет креслом-коляской с электроприводом, чтобы двигаться с выбранной скоростью в выбранном направлении.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 7176-22-2004: Кресла-коляски. Часть 22. Правила установки оригинал документа

3.1.14 контрольное устройство (control device): Устройство, показывающее нормальную работу объекта или необходимость приведения его в действие.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 12509-2010: Машины землеройные. Осветительные, сигнальные и габаритные огни и светоотражатели оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > control device
5 control

управление; регулирование; контроль; орган [рычаг] управления; руль; pl. система управления или регулирования; управлять; регулировать

airfield surface movement control — управление движением на лётном поле

airplane elastic mode control — демпфирование упругих колебаний самолёта

back seat flight control — управление ЛА из задней кабины [с места заднего лётчика]; pl. дублирующие органы управления в задней кабине

be out of control — терять управление [управляемость]; выходить из-под управления [контроля]

close-in control of air strikes — непосредственное наведение авиации (при поддержке наземных войск)

constant M(ach number) control — стабилизация числа М или по числу М

continuously variable thrust control — плавное [бесступенчатое] регулирование тяги

control c.g. control — регулирование центровки (ЛА)

control of emergency landing gear selection — управление аварийным выпуском шасси

control of missile attitude — стабилизация ракеты; управление пространственным положением ракеты

control of the air — превосходство или господство в воздухе; превосходство в области авиации [в авиационной технике]; контроль воздушного пространства

control of the yoke — разг. управление штурвалом

control of thrust orientation — управление ориентированием [направлением вектора] тяги

control of velocity corrections — корректирование скорости (полёта)

direct side force control — непосредственное управление боковой силой

electric(ally signalled) flying controls — электродистанционная система управления ЛА

flight deck lighting controls — органы управления [ручки регулировки] освещением кабины экипажа

fling the controls over — перебрасывать органы управления (в противоположную сторону),

flow control with altitude compensation — регулятор расхода [подачи] с высотным корректором

forward stick spin recovery control — вывод из штопора отклонением ручки вперёд

fuel dump valve control — кран [рычаг крана] аварийного слива топлива

fuel tank selector control — управление переключением или рычаг переключателя топливных баков

gas jet attitude control — управление пространственным положением с помощью системы газоструйных рулей

go out of control — терять управление, выходить из-под управления [контроля]

ground rollout rudder steering control — управление пробегом [на пробеге] с помощью руля направления

hand off to approach control — передавать (самолёт) диспетчерскому пункту подхода

high-lift boundary layer control — управление пограничным слоем для увеличения подъёмной силы

hold the controls in — удерживать рули в отклонённом положении

individual wheel anti-skid control — автомат торможения на каждом колесе

interconnected fuel and propeller controls — объединённая система регулирования подачи топлива и шага винта

jet tab thrust vector control — управление вектором тяги с помощью газовых рулей; дефлекторное управление вектором тяги

jet thrust directional control — управление изменением направления тяги

jet(-deflection, -direction) control — реактивное [струйное] управление; управление изменением направления тяги; струйный руль

laminar (flow) boundary layer control — ламинаризация обтекания путем управления пограничным слоем

magnetic attitude control of satellite — стабилизация ИСЗ в магнитном поле (Земли)

manual mixture shut-off control — рычаг отсечки подачи горючей смеси, рычаг останова [выключения] двигателя

maximum boundary layer control — управление пограничным слоем при наибольшей эффективности [производительности, интенсивности работы] системы

recover the control — восстанавливать управление [управляемость]

respond to the controls — реагировать [отвечать] на отклонение рулей [органов управления]

rocket thrust vector control — управление вектором тяги ракетного двигателя

slam the controls around — беспорядочно действовать рычагами управления

space shuttle orbiter control — управление орбитальной ступенью челночного воздушно-космического аппарата

suction boundary layer control — управление пограничным слоем путем отсоса

throttle and collective pitch control — верт. рычаг «шаг — газ»

turbine inlet temperature controls — система регулирования температуры газов на входе в турбину

turn the controls over — передавать управление (другому лётчику)

— abort control

— abrupt control

— acceleration control

— active control

— adaptive control

— adjustable gain control

— aerial control

— aerodynamic control

— afterburner flow control

— afterburner fuel control

— aileron control

— air conditioning controls

— air inlet control

— air intake control

— air supply control

— air support control

— air traffic control

— air-actuated control

— airborne armament control

— airbrake control

— aircraft control

— airdrome control

— airfield control

— airflow control

— air-fuel ratio control

— air-jet nozzle control

— airlift control

— air-operated control

— airscrew control

— airspeed control

— airways control

— all-movable control

— all-moving control

— all-rigid control

— altitude control

— altitude mixture control

— angular rate control

— anticipatory control

— anti-ice control

— antiskid control

— antispin controls

— applied optimal control

— approach control

— approach/tower control

— area control

— armament-release control

— arresting hook control

— arrival-time control

— assisted control

— at the controls

— atmosphere contaminant control

— atmosphere-entry control

— atmospheric composition control

— atmospheric control

— attitude control

— attitude rate control

— automatic acceleration control

— automatic boost control

— automatic control

— automatic following control

— automatic load control

— automatic mixture-ratio control

— automatic power control

— automatic pressure control

— automatic starting control

— automatic temperature control

— automatic throttle control

— autopilot control

— autopitch control

— auxiliary controls

— azimuth control

— backup control

— ballistic flight control

— bang-bang control

— bank attitude control

— barometric pressure control

— barometric vertical-rate control

— beam-rider control

— beta control

— black-box control

— black-white control

— blade pitch control

— bleed air control

— blowing-boundary-Iayer control

— bomb release control

— bomb-bay door control

— boost control

— booster control

— boundary-layer control

— brake control

— brightness control

— burning control

— button-type control

— cabin air control

— cabin atmosphere control

— cabin conditioning control

— cabin heat control

— cabin pressure control

— cabin temperature control

— cable-operated control

— caging control

— canard control

— canopy jettison control

— carburettor heat control

— cartesian control

— cascade control

— centering control

— center-of-gravity control

— central control

— centralized control

— charging control

— chart light control

— circulation control

— climate control

— closed-cycle control

— closed-loop control

— coarse control

— cockpit flight controls

— cockpit pressure control

— collective pitch control

— combustion mixture control

— command control

— compass light control

— compressed-air control

— computer control

— constant airspeed control

— constant altitude control

— constant-datum boost control

— constant-speed control

— constant-velocity control

— continuous control

— control in transition

— control of airspace

— control of heading

— control of impulse

— conversion control

— coordinating control

— corridor control

— countdown control

— cowling gill control

— crisp control

— cross controls

— cross the controls

— crossfeed control

— crossrange control

— cross-wind control

— cruciform controls

— cruise altitude control

— cruise control

— cycle flight controls

— cyclic pitch control

— damage control

— deceleration control

— decrab control

— defog flow control

— delayed recovery controls

— delta-shaped control

— digital computer control

— digital control

— direct control

— direct lift control

— directional control

— dispatch control

— displacement control

— distance control

— distant control

— diverter valve control

— dosimetric control

— double control

— drag chute control

— drone flight controls

— dual control

— dump-door control

— duplicated control

— dynamic control

— earth-pointing attitude control

— ejection control

— electric control

— electrohydraulic control

— electromagnetic control

— electromechanical control

— electronic temperature control

— electropneumatic control

— elevating control

— elevator control

— elevon control

— emergency control

— emergency escape control

— energy-balance adaptive control

— engage control

— engine controls

— engine fuel control

— engine inlet control

— engine power control

— engine rpm control

— engine speed control

— environmental control

— erivative control

— exhaust deflection control

— exhaust nozzle control

— exoatmospheric control

— exponential control

— external control

— fail-safe control

— fail-soft control

— failure-survival control

— failure-surviving control

— fan control

— fan louver control

— feathering control

— feedback control

— feedline control

— fight the controls

— fire control

— fixed control

— fixed-path control

— flap boundary-layer control

— flap control

— flare computer control

— flareout control

— flettner control

— flexible nozzle control

— flicker control

— flight control

— flight director control

— flight path control

— flip-flop control

— floating control

— flow control

— flow scheduling control

— fluid flow control

— fluid shutoff control

— flying control

— flying servo control

— flywheel control

— foot control

— fore-and-aft control

— free control

— frequency control

— friction control

— fuel control

— fuel cutoff control

— fuel pressure control

— fuel-flow control

— fuel-metering control

— full-span control

— fully boosted control

— fully crossed controls

— fully powered control

— gain control

— gas-flow control

— gimbaling control

— glidepath control

— glideslope control

— gravitational control

— gravity control

— ground-based control

— ground rollout control

— ground vectoring control

— guidance control

— gyrorudder control

— hand control

— hands-off control

— harmonic rotor control

— heading control

— heat transfer control

— height control

— height-lock control

— high-altitude control

— high-level control

— high-speed control

— homing control

— horse the controls

— hover control

— human control

— human flight control

— hydraulic power control

— hydraulic rotor control

— hypersonic speed control

— hypervelocity control

— ice control

— identification-friend-or-foe control

— IFF control

— ignition-system controls

— incremental control

— independent control

— indirect control

— inertial control

— in-flight control

— initial control

— inlet control

— in-orbit control

— Instrumental control

— intake control

— integrated controls

— intensity control

— interceptor control

— interlocked control

— internal control

— irreversible control

— isodromic control

— jammed controls

— jetevator control

— jet-nozzle control

— jet-vane control

— joystick control

— knob control

— laminar flow control

— landing control

— landing gear control

— landing lights control

— lateral control

— lateral-directional control

— launching control

— lead control

— lead-homing control

— level control

— lift control

— linear control

— local control

— localizer control

— longitudinal control

— long-ranged control

— louver control

— low-altitude control

— low-level control

— low-power control

— low-speed control

— Mach number control

— main fuel control

— maintain control

— maneuvering control

— man-in-the-loop control

— manned control

— manned spacecraft control

— manual control

— manual flying control

— manual override control

— marginal control

— mass-expulsion attitude control

— mass-flow control

— mass-motion attitude control

— mechanical control

— midcourse control

— minimax control

— misapply controls

— missile flying control

— missile-launching controls

— missile-operation control

— mission control

— mixed weapons control

— mixture-ratio control

— mobile runway control

— model control

— modulating control

— moisture control

— moving-wing control

— negative control

— neutralized controls

— noise abatement control

— noise control

— nonatmospheric control

— non-computerized control

— nonlinear control

— nose control

— nosewheel steering control

— nozzle area control

— nozzle-spike control

— numerical control

— off-line control

— one-hand control

— one-motion ejection control

— on-line control

— on-off control

— open-cycle control

— open-ended control

— open-loop control

— operations control

— orbital control

— overheat control

— override control

— overriding control

— over-sensitive control

— overspeed control

— overtemperature control

— oxygen flow control

— partial aileron control

— partial-span controls

— passive control

— path control

— pedal control

— period control

— periodic control

— phase control

— phugoid control

— pilot control

— pilot-operated control

— pinpoint control

— pitch control

— pitch-axis control

— pitch-position control

— pitch-rate control

— pitot heater controls

— pneumatic control

— polar control

— position control

— positive control

— power control

— power outlet controls

— power-assisted control

— power-boosted control

— powered control

— powerful control

— power-operated control

— powerplant control

— precise control

— preprogramed control

— preselected control

— preset control

— pressure control

— pressurization control

— primary control

— process control

— programed control

— proinverted spin controls

— propeller pitch control

— propeller reversal control

— proportional-type control

— propulsive control

— pro-spin controls

— puff-pipe control

— pulse control

— push-pull rod control

— radar control

— radio control

— radio cooling control

— ramjet engine control

— ramp control

— range control

— range-safety control

— rate control

— rate-of-climb control

— rate-of-descent control

— rate-plus-displacement control

— RCS manual controls

— reaction control

— real-time control

— rear control

— recontact approach control

— recovery control

— reentry control

— regain the control

— release control

— removable controls

— rescue hoist control

— rescue winch control

— responsive control

— retarded control

— reticle depression control

— reticle intensity control

— reversible control

— ride the controls

— rocket control

— rocket-engine control

— rocket-motor control

— rod control

— roll control

— roll-axis control

— roll-out control

— roll-position control

— roll-rate control

— rotational control

— rotational speed control

— rotor control

— rpm control

— rudder control

— rudder steering control

— rudder trim-tab control

— run out of control

— runway control

— satellite landing control

— secondary flight control

— self-adaptive control

— selsyn control

— sensitive control

— sensitivity control

— sequence control

— servo control

— servo-flap control

— servo-loop control

— servomechanism control

— set the controls

— shift control

— shock-interference control

— side-to-side control

— single-axis control

— single-lever master control

— skewed wing-tip control

— skid control

— slap the controls

— slow-speed control

— sluggish control

— smoke control

— smooth control

— solar-pointing control

— solid-propellant engine control

— sonic burning control

— sonic combustion control

— space attitude control

— space control

— space shuttle control

— space vehicle control

— spacecraft control

— spacecraft-geometry control

— space-suit thermal control

— spatial attitude control

— speed control

— spike control

— spike-deflection control

— spin control

— spin-rate control

— spin-recovery controls

— split axis control

— spoiler control

— spotlight control

— spring-tab control

— stability augmentation control

— stagnation temperature control

— stall prevention controls

— stall recovery controls

— star-pointing attitude control

— starting control

— starting-fuel control

— static control

— stator-blade control

— steering control

— step-by-step control

— stepless control

— stepped control

— stick control

— stick-and-pedal control

— strain control

— suboptimal control

— subsonic speed control

— suit temperature control

— supercharger control

— supersonic speed control

— surge-free control

— swash-plate control

— sweep control

— synchro control

— tactical air control

— tail control

— tailless control

— tailplane control

— tail-rotor pitch control

— take over control

— take the controls

— takeoff control

— taxying control

— television control

— temperature control

— terminal control

— terminal-velocity control

— terrestrial control

— thermal comfort control

— thermal control

— thermostatic control

— three-axis control

— three-dimensional control

— throttle control

— throttle friction control

— thrust augmentation control

— thrust control

— thrust deflector control

— thrust level control

— thrust reversal control

— thrust-direction control

— thrust-vector control

— tight control

— tilt angle control

— timed control

— time-optimal control

— toe-operated control

— touchdown control

— towing control

— toxicological control

— tracking mode control

— traffic control

— trailing-edge control

— trajectory control

— translational control

— transonic speed control

— transponder set control

— trim control

— trimming-tab control

— turbine speed control

— turbojet engine control

— turbopump control

— turn control

— turn-rate control

— twin controls

— twin-wire control

— twist-and-steer control

— two-hand control

— under control

— undercarriage control

— undersensitive control

— unpowered control

— variable inlet control

— variable stator controls

— variable-datum boost control

— vector control

— vectoring control

— velocity control

— vernier control

— vernier-engine control

— vertical control

— vertical rate control

— visual control

— voltage control

— warm air control

— water injection control

— weapons fire control

— weather control

— wheel control

— windshield wiper control

— wing control

— wing sweep control

— wire control

— wireless control

— with dual controls

— yaw control

— yaw-axis control

— yaw-position control

— yaw-rate control

— zero boundary-layer control

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > control
6 Master-Slave-Betrieb
1. работа в управляемом режиме
работа в управляемом режиме
-
[IEV number 314-05-03]

EN

slave operation
mode of operation of stabilized power supplies achieving co-ordinated control of interconnected supplies by setting the "master" supply alone
Source: 551-19-12
[IEV number 314-05-03]

FR

fonctionnement en esclave
mode de fonctionnement consistant à interconnecter des alimentations stabilisées et à réaliser la commande coordonnée de l’ensemble par le réglage de la seule alimentation "maître"
Source: 551-19-12
[IEV number 314-05-03]

Тематики
- измерение электр. величин в целом
EN
- slave operation
DE
- abhängiger Betrieb
- Master-Slave-Betrieb
FR
- fonctionnement en esclave
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Master-Slave-Betrieb
7 MCN

1) Компьютерная техника: multipoint communications network

2) Военный термин: MSE Circuit Network, master control number, material change notice, military construction, Navy

3) Техника: midcourse navigation, military communications network

4) Университет: Museum Computer Network

5) Физиология: Medical Consultants Network, Inc.

6) Вычислительная техника: Metropolitan Campus Network, multiservice corporate network

7) Фирменный знак: Metro Cable Network

8) СМИ: Management Consultants News

9) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: medium cat naphtha

10) NYSE. M C N Energy Group, Inc.

11) Аэропорты: Macon, Georgia USA

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > MCN
8 основной контрольный номер

Military: master control number

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > основной контрольный номер
9 MCN

MCN, master control number

основной контрольный номер
————————
MCN, material change notice

уведомление о внесении изменений в материальную часть
————————
MCN, military construction, Navy

военное строительство для ВМС

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > MCN
10 número

m.

1 number, amount, quantity, sum.

2 number, numeral, Arabic numeral, cipher.

3 size, number.

4 issue, copy, number.

5 act, number.

* * *

número

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) number

2 (de una publicación) number, issue

3 (de zapatos) size

■ ¿qué número calzas? what's your shoe size?, what size shoe do you take?

4 (de un espectáculo) act

5 (de lotería) lottery ticket number

6 (cargo sin graduación) officer

7 LINGÚÍSTICA number

8 familiar scene

9 familiar (persona) case

■ tenemos un profesor que es un número we have a teacher who's a real case

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en números redondos in round figures

en números rojos in the red

hacer números to do the figures

montar un número familiar to make a scene

pedir número to take a numbered ticket

ser el número uno to be the number one

ser miembro de número to be a full member

sin número (edificio) unnumbered 2 (en abundancia) countless

número arábigo Arabic numeral

número atrasado back number

número de matrícula registration number, US license number

número de serie serial number

número entero whole number

número extraordinario (en prensa) special edition, special issue

número fraccionario fraction

número impar odd number

número ordinal ordinal number

número par even number

número primo prime number

número quebrado fraction

número romano Roman numeral

* * *

noun m.

1) number

2) issue

3) figure

4) size

* * *

SM

1) (Mat) number

en números redondos — in round numbers

estar en números rojos — to be in the red

volver a números negros — to get back into the black, return to profitability

• de número, miembro de número — full member

profesor de número — tenured teacher, teacher with a permanent post

• echar o hacer números — * to do one's sums, number-crunch

• sin número, calle Aribau, sin número — Aribau street, no number

problemas sin número — countless problems

número arábigo — Arabic numeral

número binario — (Inform) binary number

número cardinal — cardinal number

número de identificación fiscal — ID number used for tax purposes

número de lote — batch number, batch code

número de matrícula — (Aut) registration number

número de referencia — reference number

número de serie — serial number

número de teléfono — telephone number, phone number

número dos — (lit) number two

el número dos del partido — the second in command of the party, the party's number two

número entero — whole number

número fraccionario — fraction

número impar — odd number

número negativo — negative number

número ordinal — ordinal number

número par — even number

número perfecto — perfect number

número personal de identificación — (=clave) personal identification number

número primo — prime number

número quebrado — fraction

número romano — Roman numeral

número uno — number one

para mí, Sinatra será siempre el número uno — for me Sinatra will always be number one

el jugador número uno de su país — the number one player in his country, the top player in his country

2) [de zapatos] size

3) [de periódico, revista] number, issue

número atrasado — back number

número cero — dummy number, dummy run

número extraordinario — special edition, special issue

número suelto — single issue

4) (=billete de lotería) ticket

5) (Teat) act, number

- montar el o un número

6) (Gram) number

7) (Mil) man; (=soldado raso) private; (=policía) policeman

un sargento y cuatro números — a sergeant and four men

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (Mat) number

vive en el número 15 — she lives at number 15

el número premiado — the winning number

pagó una suma de seis números — he paid a six figure sum

un número cada vez mayor de emigrantes — more and more emigrants

problemas sin número — innumerable o countless problems

en números redondos — in round numbers

estar en números rojos — (fam) to be in the red (colloq)

hacer números — to do one's arithmetic o (BrE) sums

b) ( de zapatos) size

¿qué número calzas? — what size shoe do you take?

c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket

- número arábigo/romano

- número cardinal/ordinal

- número decimal

- número de identificación personal

- número de matrícula

- número de serie

- número de teléfono/fax

- número fraccionario

- número par/impar

- número uno

2) (Espec) act

montar un/el número — (Esp fam) to kick up a fuss (colloq)

3) ( de publicación) issue

* * *

= extent, incidence, issue, number, numeral, percentage, tally [tallies, pl.], scale.

Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex. The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.

Ex. This is an issue devoted in part to papers presented at the conference arranged and hosted by the State Library of New South Wales.

Ex. The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).

Ex. Records can be retrieved by character strings (that is, sequences of letters and numerals).

Ex. But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.

Ex. As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.

Ex. I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.

----

* acción de marcar un número = dialling.

* admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.

* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.

* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.

* base de un número = subscript numeral.

* colorear por números = paint by + numbers.

* con el número = numbered.

* con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.

* cuadrar números = add up + figures.

* el mismo número = as many.

* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.

* enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.

* en grandes números = in record numbers.

* en gran número = numerously.

* en números redondos = in round figures.

* en números reducidos = in small numbers.

* en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.

* exceder en número = outnumber.

* exponente de un número = superscript numeral.

* ficha de número de registro = accessions card.

* gran número de = great numbers of.

* integridad de los números = integrity of numbers.

* línea de números = number line.

* marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.

* montar un número = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.

* nº (número) + Número = # (number) + Número, no. (number) + Número.

* Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.

* número actual = current issue.

* Número + al año = Número + annually.

* Número + al día = Número + a day.

* número anterior = backrun, back issue.

* número aproximado = ballpark number.

* número arábigo = Arabic numeral.

* número atrasado = back issue, back copy.

* número binario = binary digit.

* Número + cada año = Número + annually.

* número cada vez mayor = rising numbers.

* número capicúo = palindrome.

* número consecutivo = running number.

* número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.

* número de alumnos matriculados = enrolment [enrollment, -USA].

* Número + de ancho = Número + wide.

* número de aprobados = pass rate.

* número de asientos = seating.

* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.

* número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.

* número decimal = decimal number.

* número de citas = number of citations.

* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.

* número de control = control number.

* número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.

* número de ejemplar = copy number.

* número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].

* número de exportaciones = export figures.

* número de fascículo = issue number.

* número de identificación = ID number (identification number).

* número de identificación del documento = library registration number.

* número de intentos fallidos = failure rate.

* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.

* número de la búsqueda = set number.

* Número + de largo = Número + long.

* número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.

* número del documento = document identification number, document number.

* número de lector = borrower number.

* número del editor = publisher's number (música).

* número de matrícula = registration number, car registration number.

* número de modelo = model number.

* número de muertos = death toll.

* número de opus = opus number.

* número de orden = rank number.

* número de páginas = pagination.

* número de palabras = wordage.

* número de participantes = turnout.

* número de pedido = order number.

* número de plancha = plate number.

* número de préstamo = charging number.

* número de préstamos = circulation figures.

* número de publicaciones = publication count.

* número de referencia del documento = document reference number.

* número de referencias = number of citations.

* número de registro = accession number, card number.

* número de relación = linking number.

* número de respuestas recibidas = response rate, rate of response.

* número de serie = serial number.

* número de solicitudes denegadas = failure rate.

* número de suspensos = failure rate.

* número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.

* número de teléfono = phone number, telephone number, dial-up number, dial-up number, dial-up number.

* número de teléfono de llamada gratuita = toll free telephone number, toll-free number.

* número de teléfono que no está incluido en el directorio telefónico = unlisted telephone number.

* número de tema = thematic index number.

* número determinado de = nth.

* número de víctimas = death toll.

* número de volumen = volume number.

* número entero = integer.

* número entero positivo = positive integer.

* Número + en total = Número + in number.

* número equivocado = wrong number.

* número especial = special issue, special number.

* número identificado de un ordenador en una red = network address.

* número impar = odd number.

* número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.

* Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros (ISBN) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).

* Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas (ISSN) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).

* número limitado de alumnos matriculados = limited enrolment.

* número mágico = magic number.

* número matriz = master number.

* número monográfico = thematic issue.

* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.

* número normalizado = standard number.

* número ordinal = ordinal, ordinal number.

* número par = even number.

* número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.

* Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.

* número reclamado = claimed issue.

* número romano = roman numeral.

* números recientes de las revistas = current journals.

* número total = head count.

* número trascendente = transcendental number.

* número trece = thirteenth.

* número uno = number one.

* Número + vez = Número + time.

* número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.

* ordenación por número curren = accession order, accession order, arrangement by accession number.

* ordenado por número de clasificación = in class number order.

* ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.

* PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).

* poner a + Número = set to + Número.

* procesador de números = number cruncher.

* redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.

* sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.

* ser de número limitado = be limited in number.

* superar en número = outnumber.

* tarifa por el número de operaciones = volume-based tariff.

* último número, el = latest issue, the.

* una gran número de = a broad variety of.

* un buen número de = a good number of.

* un cierto número de = a number of.

* un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.

* un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.

* un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.

* un número de = a series of.

* un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.

* un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (Mat) number

vive en el número 15 — she lives at number 15

el número premiado — the winning number

pagó una suma de seis números — he paid a six figure sum

un número cada vez mayor de emigrantes — more and more emigrants

problemas sin número — innumerable o countless problems

en números redondos — in round numbers

estar en números rojos — (fam) to be in the red (colloq)

hacer números — to do one's arithmetic o (BrE) sums

b) ( de zapatos) size

¿qué número calzas? — what size shoe do you take?

c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket

- número arábigo/romano

- número cardinal/ordinal

- número decimal

- número de identificación personal

- número de matrícula

- número de serie

- número de teléfono/fax

- número fraccionario

- número par/impar

- número uno

2) (Espec) act

montar un/el número — (Esp fam) to kick up a fuss (colloq)

3) ( de publicación) issue

* * *

= extent, incidence, issue, number, numeral, percentage, tally [tallies, pl.], scale.

Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex: The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.

Ex: This is an issue devoted in part to papers presented at the conference arranged and hosted by the State Library of New South Wales.

Ex: The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).

Ex: Records can be retrieved by character strings (that is, sequences of letters and numerals).

Ex: But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.

Ex: As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.

Ex: I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.

* acción de marcar un número = dialling.

* admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.

* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.

* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.

* base de un número = subscript numeral.

* colorear por números = paint by + numbers.

* con el número = numbered.

* con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.

* cuadrar números = add up + figures.

* el mismo número = as many.

* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.

* enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.

* en grandes números = in record numbers.

* en gran número = numerously.

* en números redondos = in round figures.

* en números reducidos = in small numbers.

* en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.

* exceder en número = outnumber.

* exponente de un número = superscript numeral.

* ficha de número de registro = accessions card.

* gran número de = great numbers of.

* integridad de los números = integrity of numbers.

* línea de números = number line.

* marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.

* montar un número = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.

* nº (número) + Número = \# (number) + Número, no. (number) + Número.

* Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.

* número actual = current issue.

* Número + al año = Número + annually.

* Número + al día = Número + a day.

* número anterior = backrun, back issue.

* número aproximado = ballpark number.

* número arábigo = Arabic numeral.

* número atrasado = back issue, back copy.

* número binario = binary digit.

* Número + cada año = Número + annually.

* número cada vez mayor = rising numbers.

* número capicúo = palindrome.

* número consecutivo = running number.

* número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.

* número de alumnos matriculados = enrolment [enrollment, -USA].

* Número + de ancho = Número + wide.

* número de aprobados = pass rate.

* número de asientos = seating.

* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.

* número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.

* número decimal = decimal number.

* número de citas = number of citations.

* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.

* número de control = control number.

* número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.

* número de ejemplar = copy number.

* número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].

* número de exportaciones = export figures.

* número de fascículo = issue number.

* número de identificación = ID number (identification number).

* número de identificación del documento = library registration number.

* número de intentos fallidos = failure rate.

* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.

* número de la búsqueda = set number.

* Número + de largo = Número + long.

* número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.

* número del documento = document identification number, document number.

* número de lector = borrower number.

* número del editor = publisher's number (música).

* número de matrícula = registration number, car registration number.

* número de modelo = model number.

* número de muertos = death toll.

* número de opus = opus number.

* número de orden = rank number.

* número de páginas = pagination.

* número de palabras = wordage.

* número de participantes = turnout.

* número de pedido = order number.

* número de plancha = plate number.

* número de préstamo = charging number.

* número de préstamos = circulation figures.

* número de publicaciones = publication count.

* número de referencia del documento = document reference number.

* número de referencias = number of citations.

* número de registro = accession number, card number.

* número de relación = linking number.

* número de respuestas recibidas = response rate, rate of response.

* número de serie = serial number.

* número de solicitudes denegadas = failure rate.

* número de suspensos = failure rate.

* número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.

* número de teléfono = phone number, telephone number, dial-up number, dial-up number, dial-up number.

* número de teléfono de llamada gratuita = toll free telephone number, toll-free number.

* número de teléfono que no está incluido en el directorio telefónico = unlisted telephone number.

* número de tema = thematic index number.

* número determinado de = nth.

* número de víctimas = death toll.

* número de volumen = volume number.

* número entero = integer.

* número entero positivo = positive integer.

* Número + en total = Número + in number.

* número equivocado = wrong number.

* número especial = special issue, special number.

* número identificado de un ordenador en una red = network address.

* número impar = odd number.

* número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.

* Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros (ISBN) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).

* Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas (ISSN) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).

* número limitado de alumnos matriculados = limited enrolment.

* número mágico = magic number.

* número matriz = master number.

* número monográfico = thematic issue.

* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.

* número normalizado = standard number.

* número ordinal = ordinal, ordinal number.

* número par = even number.

* número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.

* Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.

* número reclamado = claimed issue.

* número romano = roman numeral.

* números recientes de las revistas = current journals.

* número total = head count.

* número trascendente = transcendental number.

* número trece = thirteenth.

* número uno = number one.

* Número + vez = Número + time.

* número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.

* ordenación por número curren = accession order, accession order, arrangement by accession number.

* ordenado por número de clasificación = in class number order.

* ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.

* PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).

* poner a + Número = set to + Número.

* procesador de números = number cruncher.

* redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.

* sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.

* ser de número limitado = be limited in number.

* superar en número = outnumber.

* tarifa por el número de operaciones = volume-based tariff.

* último número, el = latest issue, the.

* una gran número de = a broad variety of.

* un buen número de = a good number of.

* un cierto número de = a number of.

* un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.

* un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.

* un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.

* un número de = a series of.

* un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.

* un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.

* * *

número

masculine

A

1 ( Mat) number

vive en el número 15 she lives at number 15

el número premiado es el 10895 the winning number is (number) 10895

pagó una suma de seis números he paid a six figure sum

un número cada vez mayor de emigrantes more and more emigrants

el gran número de respuestas recibidas the large number of replies received

problemas sin número innumerable o countless problems

en números redondos in round numbers

estar en números rojos ( fam); to be in the red ( colloq)

tengo la cuenta en números rojos my account is o I'm in the red ( colloq)

hacer números to do one's arithmetic o ( BrE) sums

2 (de zapatos) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] size

¿qué número calzas? what size shoe do you take?

3 (billete de lotería) lottery ticket

Compuestos:

● número aleatorio

random number

● número arábigo

Arabic numeral

● número atómico

atomic number

● número binario

binary number

● número cardinal

cardinal number

● número complejo

complex number

● número decimal

decimal

● número de chasis

vehicle identification number

● número de cuenta

account number

● número de fax

fax number

● número de identidad

identity number

● número de identificación

(de persona) identity number; (de producto) identification number

● número de identificación fiscal or tributaria

tax identity number, taxpayer ID ( AmE), Unique Taxpayer Reference ( BrE)

● número de identificación personal

PIN number, Personal Identification Number

● número del DNI

(en Esp) national identity card number

● número de masa

mass number

● número de matrícula

license number ( AmE), registration number ( BrE)

● número de serie

serial number

● número de teléfono

telephone number

● número de vuelo

flight number

● número entero

whole number

● número fraccionario

fraction

● número impar

odd number

● número mixto

mixed number

● número ordinal

ordinal number

● número par

even number

● número perfecto

perfect number

● número primo

prime number

● número real

real number

● número romano

Roman numeral

● número uno

masculine and feminine (de un equipo) number one; (líder) leader

es el número uno de su clase he's top of o the best in his class

el número uno egipcio the Egyptian leader

B ( Espec) act

un excelente número cómico an excellent comedy act o ( BrE) turn

montar un/el número ( Esp fam); to kick up a fuss ( colloq)

C (de una publicación) issue

el número del mes de mayo the May issue o edition

un número especial or extraordinario a special issue o edition

números atrasados back numbers o issues

D (en gramática) number

E ( Esp frml) (policía) officer, constable ( BrE)

* * *

Del verbo numerar: ( conjugate numerar)

numero es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

numeró es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
numerar
número
numerar ( conjugate numerar) verbo transitivo
to number
número sustantivo masculino
1
a) (Mat) number;

◊ número de identificación personal PIN number, Personal Identification Number;

número de matrícula license number (AmE), registration number (BrE);
número de serie serial number;
número de teléfono/fax phone/fax number;
una suma de seis números a six figure sum;
problemas sin número innumerable o countless problems
b) ( de zapatos) size;

◊ ¿qué número calzas? what size shoe do you take?

c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket

2
a) (Espec) act

b) ( de publicación) issue

numerar verbo transitivo to number
número sustantivo masculino
1 number: me equivoqué al escribir el último número, I made a mistake writting the last figure
soy el número tres de la lista, I'm third on the list
número de teléfono, telephone number
número par/impar, even/odd number
un buen número de personas, a large number of people
2 (de una revista) number, issue
número atrasado, back number
3 (de calzado) size
4 (de un espectáculo) sketch, act
5 familiar montar un número, to make a scene
6 (billete de juego de azar) ticket: tengo un número de lotería de Navidad, I have a Christmas lottery ticket
♦ Locuciones: números rojos, in the red: mi cuenta está en números rojos, my account is in the red
' número' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acrecentar
- acrobacia
- aforo
- arábiga
- arábigo
- atrasada
- atrasado
- cabeza
- calzar
- cantidad
- capicúa
- cardinal
- cifra
- espectáculo
- espuma
- herida
- herido
- imaginaria
- imaginario
- indeterminada
- indeterminado
- matrícula
- n.º
- núm.
- otra
- otro
- par
- pasada
- pasado
- plato
- premiada
- premiado
- prima
- primo
- quedarse
- redonda
- redondo
- referencia
- repetida
- repetido
- rey
- salir
- serie
- superior
- teléfono
- terminación
- abundar
- buscar
- ciento
- cinco
English:
accurate
- act
- admission
- alarming
- Arabic numeral
- army
- back
- copy
- death toll
- dial
- eight
- even
- exact
- fascism
- flock
- grand finale
- grand total
- growth
- intake
- integer
- issue
- licence number
- low
- lucky
- membership
- myriad
- N
- no.
- number
- numeral
- O
- odd
- one
- ordinal
- outnumber
- over
- poll
- prime
- registration number
- round
- round down
- round up
- routine
- scene
- serial
- size
- special
- stock up
- strength
- strong

* * *

número nm

1. [signo] number;

mi número de la suerte my lucky number;

en números rojos in the red;

hacer números to reckon up;

ser el número uno to be number one;
[en lista de éxitos] to top the charts;
fue el número uno de su promoción he was the best in his year;

el número dos del partido republicano the number two o second in command of the Republican Party;

sin número [muchos] countless, innumerable;

un sin número de modelos diferentes countless o innumerable different models

Comp
número de afiliación a la seguridad social Br national insurance number, US social security number;
número atómico atomic number;

número binario binary number;

número cardinal cardinal number;

número complejo complex number;

número complementario [en lotería] = complementary number, Br ≈ bonus ball;

número de cuenta account number;

número entero whole number, integer;
Fot número f f number;
número de fax fax number;

número fraccionario fraction;

número de identificación personal PIN (number);

número impar odd number;
Informát número IP IP number;
número irracional irrational number;

número de matrícula [de vehículo] Br registration number, US license number;
[de alumno] matriculation number;
número natural natural number;

número ordinal ordinal number;

número par even number;

número primo prime number;

número quebrado fraction;

número racional rational number;

número redondo round number;

número de referencia reference number;
Informát número de registro registration number;
número romano Roman numeral;

número de serie serial number;

número de sucursal [de banco] sort code;

número de teléfono telephone number

2. [tamaño, talla] size;

¿qué número calzas? what size shoe are you?, what size shoe do you take?

3. [de publicación] issue, number

Comp
número atrasado back number;
número extraordinario special edition o issue

4. [de lotería] ticket

5. Gram number

6. [de espectáculo] turn, number;

Comp
Esp Fam
montar el número to make o cause a scene

7. Esp [de policía] officer

8. Rel
Números Numbers

* * *

número

m

1 number;

un gran número de a large number of;

sin número countless;

ser el número uno be number one, be the best;

en números redondos in round figures;

en números rojos fig in the red;

hacer números fam add up the figures, Br

do one’s sums

2 de publicación issue

3 de zapato size

4

:

montar un número fam make a scene

5

:

de número socio full; empleado, profesor permanent; catedrático tenured

* * *

número nm

1) : number

número impar: odd number

número ordinal: ordinal number

número arábico: Arabic numeral

número quebrado: fraction

2) : issue (of a publication)

3)

sin número : countless

* * *

número n

1. (en general) number

un gran número de participantes a large number of participants

2. (de calzado) size

¿qué número calzas? what size do you take in shoes?

3. (publicación) issue

el primer número de la revista the first issue of the magazine

4. (espectáculo) act / number

un número de magia a magic act

número de teléfono phone number

número impar odd number

número par even number

números romanos Roman numerals

Spanish-English dictionary > número
11 Hauptschalter

m

1. ETECH. main ( oder master) switch

2. Bank etc.: main desk ( oder counter); EISENB. etc. main booking (Am. ticketing) office ( oder ticket desk, ticket counter)

* * *

der Hauptschalter

master control; main breaker

* * *
Haupt|schal|ter
m (ELEC)
main or master switch
* * *

der

(a switch for controlling a number of other switches: There is a master switch that controls all the electricity.) master switch

* * *

Haupt·schal·ter

m main [or master] switch

* * *

der (Elektrot.) mains switch

* * *

Hauptschalter m

1. ELEK main ( oder master) switch

2. Bank etc: main desk ( oder counter); BAHN etc main booking (US ticketing) office ( oder ticket desk, ticket counter)

* * *

der (Elektrot.) mains switch

* * *

m.

main switch n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Hauptschalter
12 Kontrollplan

Kontrollplan
sample plan;
• Kontrollprüfung test, check;
• Kontrollpunkt point of control, checkpoint;
• Kontrollrat Control Council;
• Kontrollrechnung checking account;
• Kontrollrecht (Bücher) audit privilege;
• Kontrollregister counter account;
• Kontroll- und Kassenschalter (Selbstbedienungsladen) check-out counter;
• Kontrollschein control ticket, check (US), counterfoil (Br.), (Arbeitszeitkontrolle) time ticket (card);
• Kontrollstelle (Betrieb) auditing agency, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) auditor;
• Kontrollstempel time stamp, countermark;
• Kontrollstichprobe reference sample;
• Kontrollsystem system of controls, control system;
• Kontrolltätigkeit audit powers;
• Kontrolltelegramm repeated message;
• Kontrollturm (Flugplatz) control tower;
• Kontrolluhr time clock (US) (recorder), journeyman (master, control) clock;
• selbsttätige Kontrolluhr telltale;
• Kontrolluhr stechen to check in (out);
• Kontrolluntersuchung check inspection;
• Kontrollverfügung für Exportwaren Export Goods Control Order (Br.);
• Kontrollvermerk stamp, check mark;
• Kontrollzeichen tick, tally, countermark, check [mark], conformance stamp;
• Kontrollzettel checking form, inspection ticket;
• Kontrollziffer key (desk) number;
• Kontrollzweck control purpose.

Business german-english dictionary > Kontrollplan
13 работа в управляемом режиме
1. Master-Slave-Betrieb
2. abhängiger Betrieb
работа в управляемом режиме
-
[IEV number 314-05-03]

EN

slave operation
mode of operation of stabilized power supplies achieving co-ordinated control of interconnected supplies by setting the "master" supply alone
Source: 551-19-12
[IEV number 314-05-03]

FR

fonctionnement en esclave
mode de fonctionnement consistant à interconnecter des alimentations stabilisées et à réaliser la commande coordonnée de l’ensemble par le réglage de la seule alimentation "maître"
Source: 551-19-12
[IEV number 314-05-03]

Тематики
- измерение электр. величин в целом
EN
- slave operation
DE
- abhängiger Betrieb
- Master-Slave-Betrieb
FR
- fonctionnement en esclave
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > работа в управляемом режиме
14 dominar

v.

1 to control (controlar) (pasión, nervios, caballo).

era imposible dominar el vehículo it was impossible to maintain control of the vehicle

2 to overcome.

lo dominaba el deseo irrefrenable de besarla he was overcome by an irresistible desire to kiss her

3 to master (conocer) (técnica, tema).

domina varias lenguas she speaks various languages fluently

ha conseguido dominar el inglés en pocos meses he managed to acquire a good command of English within a few months

4 to overlook.

desde aquí se domina todo Bilbao you can see the whole of Bilbao from here

5 to predominate.

6 to dominate, to domineer, to bestride, to have sway over.

El tirano domina al pueblo The tyrant dominates the people.

Ella domina su ira She dominates her anger.

7 to tower above, to dominate.

El cerro domina el horizonte The hill dominates the horizon.

8 to have the control, to dominate, to have ascendancy, to have the ascendancy.

Ella domina She has the control.

9 to calm down forcibly, to calm down.

10 to take over.

* * *

dominar

► verbo transitivo

1 (tener bajo dominio) to dominate

2 (avasallar) to domineer

3 (controlar) to control, restrain

■ dominar los nervios to control one's nerves

4 (conocer a fondo) to master

■ domina el inglés she has a good command of English

5 (ver) to overlook, dominate

■ el jardín domina toda la playa the garden has a commanding view of the whole beach

► verbo intransitivo

1 (ser superior) to dominate

2 (destacar) to stand out

■ domina mucho el rojo red is the predominant colour

3 (predominar) to predominate

■ en esta fiesta dominan las mujeres there are mostly women at this party

► verbo pronominal dominarse

1 (controlarse) to control oneself, restrain oneself

* * *

verb

1) to dominate

2) master

3) prevail

•

- dominarse

* * *

1. VT

1) (=controlar) [+ población, territorio] to dominate; [+ países] to rule, rule over; [+ adversario] to overpower; [+ caballo] to control

le domina la envidia — he is ruled by envy

el tenista español dominó todo el set — the Spanish tennis player dominated the whole set

2) (=contener) [+ incendio, epidemia] to check, bring under control; [+ rebelión] to put down, suppress; [+ pasión] to control, master; [+ nervios, emoción] to control; [+ dolor] to overcome

3) [+ técnica, tema] to master

domina bien la materia — she has a good grasp of the subject

domina cuatro idiomas — he's fluent in four languages

4) (=estar por encima de)

la catedral domina toda la ciudad — the cathedral dominates o towers above the whole town

desde el castillo se domina toda la vega — from the castle you can look out over the whole plain

2. VI

1) [edificio] to tower

2) (=predominar) [color, rasgo] to stand out; [opinión, tendencia] to predominate

3.

See:

dominarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) ( controlar) <nación/territorio/persona> to dominate; <pasión/cólera> to control; <vehiculo/caballo> to control

dominado por la ambición/los celos — ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy

la policía dominó la situación en todo momento — the police had the situation under control at all times

b) < idioma> to have a good command of; <tema/asignatura> to know... very well

no domino el tema — I'm no expert on the subject

quería llegar a dominar el inglés — she wanted to master English

domina un amplio vocabulario — she has a wide vocabulary

c) ( abarcar con la vista)

desde allí se domina toda la bahía — there's a view over the whole bay from there

d) montaña/torre to dominate
2.
dominar vi color/tendencia to predominate; opinión to prevail; equipo to dominate

el tema que dominó en las negociones — the subject which dominated the talks
3.
dominarse v pron persona to restrain o control oneself

* * *

= dominate, dominate + the scene, get + command of, tame, subdue, master, command, conquer, preponderate, overtake, overlook, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, tower above/over, pervade, hold + sway (over), be king, lord over, lord it over, keep + a tight hold on.

Ex. The ideology advocated by Panizzi has since dominated not only Anglo-American but Western cataloging generally.

Ex. This may have something to do with the absence of CABx, who seem to have dominated the scene in other states.

Ex. The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.

Ex. The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.

Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.

Ex. The library director strove to master his frustration.

Ex. Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.

Ex. The tools and technologies provided by the Internet enable scholars to communicate or disseminate information in ways which conquer the barriers of time and space.

Ex. The indexing languages used in science and technology were first in the field, and still preponderate, both in areas covered and in number.

Ex. E-Books, while a curiosity and a lot of fun, do not seem to be overtaking the mass market.

Ex. In this sense the British Council libraries may be seen as a window, overlooking the British Isles, their virtues and characteristics.

Ex. Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.

Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.

Ex. Prague represents a unique collection of historical monuments dominated by Prague Castle towering high above the city.

Ex. I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.

Ex. This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.

Ex. Despite the electronics invasion, books are still king, and book fairs keeps on growing every year.

Ex. She argues that the way yeoman farmers lorded over their wives and dependents was similar to the way wealthy planters lorded over their slaves.

Ex. They believe that the main use for government is for some people to lord it over others at their expense.

Ex. A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.

----

* dominar a Alguien = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb, bring + Nombre + under + Posesivo + sway.

* dominar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.

* dominar el miedo = conquer + fear.

* dominar la situación = tame + the beast.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* dominar una destreza = master + skill.

* dominar una técnica = master + technique.

* la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) ( controlar) <nación/territorio/persona> to dominate; <pasión/cólera> to control; <vehiculo/caballo> to control

dominado por la ambición/los celos — ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy

la policía dominó la situación en todo momento — the police had the situation under control at all times

b) < idioma> to have a good command of; <tema/asignatura> to know... very well

no domino el tema — I'm no expert on the subject

quería llegar a dominar el inglés — she wanted to master English

domina un amplio vocabulario — she has a wide vocabulary

c) ( abarcar con la vista)

desde allí se domina toda la bahía — there's a view over the whole bay from there

d) montaña/torre to dominate
2.
dominar vi color/tendencia to predominate; opinión to prevail; equipo to dominate

el tema que dominó en las negociones — the subject which dominated the talks
3.
dominarse v pron persona to restrain o control oneself

* * *

= dominate, dominate + the scene, get + command of, tame, subdue, master, command, conquer, preponderate, overtake, overlook, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, tower above/over, pervade, hold + sway (over), be king, lord over, lord it over, keep + a tight hold on.

Ex: The ideology advocated by Panizzi has since dominated not only Anglo-American but Western cataloging generally.

Ex: This may have something to do with the absence of CABx, who seem to have dominated the scene in other states.

Ex: The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.

Ex: The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.

Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.

Ex: The library director strove to master his frustration.

Ex: Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.

Ex: The tools and technologies provided by the Internet enable scholars to communicate or disseminate information in ways which conquer the barriers of time and space.

Ex: The indexing languages used in science and technology were first in the field, and still preponderate, both in areas covered and in number.

Ex: E-Books, while a curiosity and a lot of fun, do not seem to be overtaking the mass market.

Ex: In this sense the British Council libraries may be seen as a window, overlooking the British Isles, their virtues and characteristics.

Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.

Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.

Ex: Prague represents a unique collection of historical monuments dominated by Prague Castle towering high above the city.

Ex: I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.

Ex: This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.

Ex: Despite the electronics invasion, books are still king, and book fairs keeps on growing every year.

Ex: She argues that the way yeoman farmers lorded over their wives and dependents was similar to the way wealthy planters lorded over their slaves.

Ex: They believe that the main use for government is for some people to lord it over others at their expense.

Ex: A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.

* dominar a Alguien = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb, bring + Nombre + under + Posesivo + sway.

* dominar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.

* dominar el miedo = conquer + fear.

* dominar la situación = tame + the beast.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* dominar una destreza = master + skill.

* dominar una técnica = master + technique.

* la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

* * *

dominar [A1 ]

vt

1 (controlar) ‹nación/territorio› to dominate; ‹persona› to dominate; ‹pasión/cólera› to control

tiene a los niños totalmente dominados she has the children well under her thumb o under control

dominado por la ambición ruled by ambition

dominado por los celos consumed by jealousy

no logró dominar su ira she couldn't contain o control her anger

el equipo que dominó el encuentro the team which dominated the match

no logró dominar el vehículo/caballo he couldn't get control of the vehicle/horse

la policía dominó la situación en todo momento the police had the situation under control at all times

2 ‹tema/idioma›

no domino el tema I'm no expert on the subject

domina el francés she has a good command of French

nunca voy a poder dominar el inglés I'll never be able to master English

3

(abarcar con la vista): desde allí se domina toda la bahía there's a view over the whole bay from there, from there you can look out over the whole bay

4 «montaña/torre» to dominate

■ dominar

vi

«color/tendencia» to predominate; «opinión» to prevail

el tema que dominó en las negociones the subject which dominated the talks

el equipo visitante dominó durante el segundo tiempo the visitors dominated the second half o were on top in the second half

■ dominarse

v pron

«persona» to restrain o control oneself

* * *

dominar ( conjugate dominar) verbo transitivo
a) ( controlar) ‹nación/territorio/persona› to dominate;

‹pasión/cólera› to control;
‹vehículo/caballo› to control;
◊ dominado por la ambición/los celos ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy

b) ‹ idioma› to have a good command of;

‹tema/asignatura› to know … very well
c) ( abarcar con la vista):

◊ desde allí se domina toda la bahía there's a view over the whole bay from there

verbo intransitivo [color/tendencia] to predominate;
[ opinión] to prevail;
[ equipo] to dominate
dominarse verbo pronominal [ persona] to restrain o control oneself
dominar
I verbo transitivo
1 (un pueblo, país) to dominate, rule
2 (contener, controlar) to control
3 (conocer perfectamente: un idioma) to speak very well
(: un asunto, una actividad) to master
4 (con la vista) to overlook
II verbo intransitivo
1 to dominate
2 (un color, una característica) to stand out
' dominar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abarcar
- imperar
- imponerse
- vencer
- conocer
- dejar
- reducir
- someter
- sujetar
English:
control
- curb
- dominate
- hold down
- master
- overpower
- pervade
- restrain
- subdue
- sway
- tower
- over
- rule

* * *

dominar

♦ vt

1. [controlar] [país, territorio, pueblo] to dominate, to rule (over);
[persona, caballo] to control; [emociones, nervios] to control, to keep under control; [situación] to be in control of; [incendio, epidemia] to bring under control; [rebelión] to put down; [partido] to dominate;
la guerrilla domina toda esta zona guerrillas control this entire area;

la policía logró dominar a los alborotadores the police managed to bring the troublemakers under control;

tiene al marido dominado she has her husband under her thumb;

era imposible dominar el vehículo it was impossible to maintain control of the vehicle;

no supo dominar sus nervios she couldn't control her nervousness;

el equipo local dominó el partido en todo momento the local team dominated the game from the beginning

2. [sujeto: pasión, nervios, emociones] to overcome;

lo dominaba el deseo irrefrenable de besarla he was overcome by an irresistible desire to kiss her

3. [ser experto en] [técnica, tema] to master;
[lengua] to be fluent in;
domina a la perfección los temas de contabilidad he has a perfect mastery of accounting;

domina varias lenguas she speaks various languages fluently;

ha conseguido dominar el inglés en pocos meses he managed to acquire a good command of English in a few months;

¡cómo domina el balón! what great ball control!

4. [divisar] to overlook;

desde aquí se domina todo Bilbao you can see the whole of Bilbao from here

5. [destacar por encima de] to dominate;

el castillo domina el pueblo the castle dominates the town

♦ vi
[predominar] to predominate;
una zona donde domina el voto socialista an area with a predominantly socialist vote

♦ See also the pronominal verb dominarse

* * *

dominar

I v/t

1 persona, mercado dominate

2 idioma have a good command of

II v/i dominate

* * *

dominar vt

1) : to dominate

2) : to master, to be proficient at

dominar vi

: to predominate, to prevail

♦ See also the reflexive verb dominarse

* * *

dominar vb

1. (en general) to dominate

el presidente domina el comité the chairman dominates the committee

el equipo domina el fútbol internacional the team dominates international football

la catedral domina la ciudad the cathedral dominates the city

2. (tener bajo poder) to rule over

el ejército domina el norte del país the army rules over the north of the country

3. (controlar) to control

tiene que dominar su genio he has to control his temper

4. (contener) to bring under control [pt. & pp. brought]

dominaron el incendio forestal they brought the forest fire under control

5. (idioma) to be fluent in

domina tres idiomas she's fluent in three languages

6. (otras materias) to be good at / to be an expert on

domina la informática he's a computer expert

Spanish-English dictionary > dominar
15 principal

adj.

1 main, principal.

lo principal es… the main thing is…

puerta principal front door

2 chief, big-league, blue-chip, boss.

m.

first floor (British), second floor (United States) (plant).

* * *

principal

► adjetivo

1 main, chief

■ lo principal es que duerma bien the main thing is that he sleeps well

► nombre masculino

1 (piso) first floor, US second floor

* * *

adj.

1) principal

2) main

3) foremost

4) major

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=más importante) [gen] principal, main; [crítico, adversario] foremost; [piso] first, second (EEUU)

interpreta el papel principal — she plays the leading role

lo principal es que el problema se ha solucionado — the main thing is the problem has been solved

2) [persona, autoridad] illustrious

2. SM

1) (=persona) head, chief, principal

2) (Econ) principal, capital

3) (Teat) dress circle

4) (=piso) first floor, second floor (EEUU)

* * *
I
adjetivo <entrada/carretera/calle> main

el papel principal — the main part o leading role

el personaje principal — the main character

lo principal es que... — the main thing is that...

lo principal es la salud — there's nothing more important than your health
II
masculino

a) (Fin) principal, capital

b) (en teatro, cine) dress circle, mezzanine (AmE)

* * *

= capital, chief, dominant, essential, foremost, leading, main, major, primary, principal, top, key, lead, premier, overriding, prime, staple, number one, top-of-mind, cardinal, master.

Ex. Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.

Ex. This section reviews the chief factors that must be taken into account in selecting an appropriate software package.

Ex. English is the dominant language for the dissemination of information.

Ex. The preceding chapter has introduced the essential characteristics of bibliographic descriptions.

Ex. Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.

Ex. In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.

Ex. The main rule, however, is do not have loose cables hanging all over the place -- not only is it unsightly but also extremely dangerous.

Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

Ex. The primary components in this area are place of publication, publisher's name and date of publication (that is, the date of edition).

Ex. If responsibility is shared between mor than three persons or corporate bodies (and no principal author is indicated), then entry is made under the title.

Ex. ISI's indexes let you locate research in the world's top journals by citation, title word, author, institution, or journal.

Ex. This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.

Ex. The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.

Ex. It is the country's premier research library for the natural sciences, engineering, technology and industrial property.

Ex. Consequently, the overriding demand made by the academic community is bibliographical in nature.

Ex. For instance, my sporting goods store is on the ground level and to the right -- prime mall location.

Ex. UK libraries and the BBC Continuing Education have the same staple customer group.

Ex. Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.

Ex. Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.

Ex. To underestimate your enemy is committing the cardinal mistake and often the last you'll make!.

Ex. The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.

----

* actividad principal = core activity.

* actor principal = lead character, leading man.

* actor principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

* administrador principal = top administrator.

* apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.

* asesor principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.

* calle principal, la = high street, the, main street, the.

* carretera principal = major road.

* comida principal = main meal.

* consejero principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.

* director principal = senior director.

* dormitorio principal = master bedroom, master suite.

* el principal = the number one.

* en la corriente principal de = in the mainstream of.

* en la tendencia principal de = in the mainstream of.

* frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.

* fuente principal de información = chief source of information.

* guía principal = guiding principle.

* la cosa principal = the number one thing.

* la parte principal de = the bulk of.

* motivo principal = prime cause.

* papel principal = title role.

* parte principal del texto = meat of the text.

* personaje principal = lead character.

* personaje principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

* plato principal = entrée, main entrée.

* ponencia principal = keynote presentation.

* primero y principal = first and foremost.

* principal razón = prime cause.

* principal sospechoso = leading suspect.

* principal sostén de la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* programa principal = Core Programme.

* protagonista principal = centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], lead character.

* protagonista principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

* recurso principal = primary resource.

* semiprincipal = semi-main.

* ser lo principal de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.

* * *
I
adjetivo <entrada/carretera/calle> main

el papel principal — the main part o leading role

el personaje principal — the main character

lo principal es que... — the main thing is that...

lo principal es la salud — there's nothing more important than your health
II
masculino

a) (Fin) principal, capital

b) (en teatro, cine) dress circle, mezzanine (AmE)

* * *

= capital, chief, dominant, essential, foremost, leading, main, major, primary, principal, top, key, lead, premier, overriding, prime, staple, number one, top-of-mind, cardinal, master.

Ex: Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.

Ex: This section reviews the chief factors that must be taken into account in selecting an appropriate software package.

Ex: English is the dominant language for the dissemination of information.

Ex: The preceding chapter has introduced the essential characteristics of bibliographic descriptions.

Ex: Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.

Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.

Ex: The main rule, however, is do not have loose cables hanging all over the place -- not only is it unsightly but also extremely dangerous.

Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

Ex: The primary components in this area are place of publication, publisher's name and date of publication (that is, the date of edition).

Ex: If responsibility is shared between mor than three persons or corporate bodies (and no principal author is indicated), then entry is made under the title.

Ex: ISI's indexes let you locate research in the world's top journals by citation, title word, author, institution, or journal.

Ex: This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.

Ex: The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.

Ex: It is the country's premier research library for the natural sciences, engineering, technology and industrial property.

Ex: Consequently, the overriding demand made by the academic community is bibliographical in nature.

Ex: For instance, my sporting goods store is on the ground level and to the right -- prime mall location.

Ex: UK libraries and the BBC Continuing Education have the same staple customer group.

Ex: Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.

Ex: Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.

Ex: To underestimate your enemy is committing the cardinal mistake and often the last you'll make!.

Ex: The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.

* actividad principal = core activity.

* actor principal = lead character, leading man.

* actor principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

* administrador principal = top administrator.

* apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.

* asesor principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.

* calle principal, la = high street, the, main street, the.

* carretera principal = major road.

* comida principal = main meal.

* consejero principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.

* director principal = senior director.

* dormitorio principal = master bedroom, master suite.

* el principal = the number one.

* en la corriente principal de = in the mainstream of.

* en la tendencia principal de = in the mainstream of.

* frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.

* fuente principal de información = chief source of information.

* guía principal = guiding principle.

* la cosa principal = the number one thing.

* la parte principal de = the bulk of.

* motivo principal = prime cause.

* papel principal = title role.

* parte principal del texto = meat of the text.

* personaje principal = lead character.

* personaje principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

* plato principal = entrée, main entrée.

* ponencia principal = keynote presentation.

* primero y principal = first and foremost.

* principal razón = prime cause.

* principal sospechoso = leading suspect.

* principal sostén de la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* programa principal = Core Programme.

* protagonista principal = centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], lead character.

* protagonista principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

* recurso principal = primary resource.

* semiprincipal = semi-main.

* ser lo principal de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.

* * *

principal¹

adjective

‹entrada› main; ‹carretera/calle› main

el papel principal lo hacía Azucena Romero the main part o leading role was played by Azucena Romero

el personaje principal se suicida al final the main character commits suicide at the end

lo principal es que no se hizo daño the main thing is that he didn't hurt himself

lo principal es la salud there's nothing more important than your health

principal²

masculine

1 ( Fin) principal, capital

2 (en un teatro, cine) upper balcony ( AmE), upper circle ( BrE)

* * *

principal adjetivo
main;
‹ papel› leading ( before n);
◊ lo principal es que… the main thing is that…

principal adjetivo main, principal

' principal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
central
- constreñir
- dirección
- director
- directora
- eclipsar
- maestra
- maestro
- mayor
- nudo
- puerta
- requerir
- sita
- sito
- soler
- subdirector
- subdirectora
- mayordomo
- mayoritario
- plato
- portón
- protagonista
English:
already
- anchor
- attraction
- averse
- bed
- body
- bomb
- bread-and-butter
- by
- central
- chief
- dash
- deputy
- dinner
- do
- enjoy
- flagship
- foremost
- head
- high
- high road
- imagine
- irony
- lead
- lead off from
- lead story
- leading
- leading lady
- leading man
- main
- mainland
- mainstay
- master
- mind
- objective
- on
- opposed
- premier
- primary
- prime
- principal
- road
- runaway
- title role
- trunk road
- upstage
- course
- limb
- major
- rat

* * *

principal

♦ adj

1. [más importante] main, principal;

me han dado el papel principal de la obra de teatro I've been given the leading o lead role in the play;

puerta principal front door;

lo principal the main thing

2. [oración] main

♦ nm

1. [piso] Br first floor, US second floor

2. Fin principal

* * *

principal

I adj main, principal;

lo principal the main o most important thing

II m second floor, Br

first floor

* * *

principal adj

1) : main, principal

2) : foremost, leading

principal nm

: capital, principal

* * *

principal¹ adj main

los puntos principales the main points

lo principal the main thing

principal² n first floor

viven en el principal they live on the first floor

Spanish-English dictionary > principal
16 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
17 system

1) система || системный

2) система; установка; устройство; комплекс

3) программа

•

- accounting system
- adaptive control system
- address selection system
- addressing system
- advice-giving system
- AI planning system
- AI system
- analog computing system
- analog-digital computing system
- analysis information system
- application system
- arabic number system
- arithmetic system
- assembly system
- asymmetrical system
- atomic system
- attached processor system
- audio system
- authoring system
- automated office system
- automatic block system
- automatic checkout system
- automatic control system
- automatic search system
- automatic test system
- automatically programmed system
- automatically taught system
- autoprogrammable system
- axiomatic system
- backup system
- bad system
- bang-bang system
- base-2 system
- basic system
- batch-processing system
- binary system
- binary-coded decimal system
- binary-number system
- biquinary system
- bit-mapped system
- bit-slice system
- black-board expert system
- block parity system
- buddy system
- business system
- bus-oriented system
- bussed system
- CAD system
- call-reply system
- carrier system
- cause-controlled system
- character recognition system
- character-reading system
- chargeback system
- check sum error-detecting system
- chip-layout system
- clock system
- closed loop system
- closed system
- co-authoring system
- code recognition system
- code system
- coded-decimal system
- code-dependent system
- code-insensitive system
- code-sensitive system
- code-transparent system
- coding system
- coincident selection system
- cold system
- color-coded system
- command system
- common-bus system
- communication data system
- communications-oriented system
- complete articulated system
- computer system
- computer-aided design system
- computer-aided system
- computer-based system
- computer-based weapon system
- computerized system
- computing system
- concatenated coding system
- concealment system
- conservative system
- contention system
- continuous presence system
- control system
- controlled system
- controlling system
- coordinate system
- cordonnier system
- costrained vision system
- cross system
- crossbar switch system
- data acquisition system
- data collection system
- data exchange system
- data flow system
- data gethering system
- data handling system
- data management system
- data preparation system
- data processing system
- data reduction system
- data retrieval system
- data storage system
- data system
- data transmission system
- database management system
- database support system
- data-managed system
- decimal number system
- decimal system
- decimal numeration system
- decision support system
- decision-aided system
- decision-making system
- decision-support system
- decision-taking system
- decoding selection system
- decomposable system
- dedicated system
- degenerate system
- design library support system
- design-automation system
- design-verification system
- development support system
- development system
- digital communication system
- digital computing system
- direct-current system
- directly coupled system
- discrete system
- discrete-continuous system
- disk operating system
- display system
- distributed database management system
- distributed function system
- distributed intelligence system
- distributed parameter system
- distributed system
- distribution system
- double intermediate tape system
- down system
- drafting system
- dual system
- dual-computer system
- dual-processor system
- duodecimal number system
- duodecimal system
- duotricenary number system
- duotricenary system
- duplexed computer system
- duplex computer system
- dyadic number system
- dyadic system
- dynamic mapping system
- dynamic scene system
- dynamic support system
- electronic data processing system
- electronic sorting system
- encoding system
- equipment adapted data system
- erasing system
- error-controlled system
- error-correcting system
- error-detecting system
- executive file-control system
- executive system
- expert control system
- expert support system
- expert system
- expert-planning system
- externally pulsed system
- fail-safe system
- fail-soft system
- fan-out system
- fault-tolerant system
- feasible system
- federated system
- feed system
- feedback system
- feedforward control system
- fiche retrieval system
- file control system
- file system
- fixed-lenght record system
- fixed-point system
- fixed-radix numeration system
- floating-point system
- fluid transport system
- follow-up system
- forgiving system
- front-end system
- fuzzy expert system
- generic expert system
- geographically distributed system
- goal-seeking system
- good system
- graceful degradation system
- graphic data system
- graphics display system
- graphics system
- help system
- heterogeneous system
- hexadecimal number system
- hexadecimal system
- high-availability system

- homogeneous system
- host system
- hostless system
- host-satellite system
- human visual system
- hunting system
- hypermedia system
- imaging system
- incremental system
- independent system
- indirectly coupled system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information retrieval system
- information handling system
- information management system
- information processing system
- information system
- information-feedback system
- in-plant system
- input/output control system
- instruction system
- instrumentation management system
- integrated system
- intelligence system
- interactive control system
- interactive system
- intercommunicating system
- interlock system
- internal number system
- internal system
- Internet-enabled system
- interrupt system
- isolated system
- kernel system
- key-to-disk/tape system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based system
- large-scale computing system
- laser communication system
- layered control system
- legacy operating system

- level-signal system
- lexicon-driven system
- library reference system
- local-network system
- long-haul system
- lumped-parameter system
- machine tool control system
- machine-limited system
- machine-oriented programming system
- macroinstruction system
- macro system
- magnetic memory system
- magnetic recording system
- magnetic tape plotting system
- mail message system
- mail system
- mailbox system
- management information system
- man-machine system
- mapping system
- map-reading system
- mass memory system
- mass storage system
- master/slave system
- matrix memory system
- memory driver system
- memory system
- message handling system
- message system
- microcomputer system
- microfilm printing system
- midsplit system
- MIMO system
- mixed-base numbering system
- mixed-base number system
- mixed-radix numeration system
- model-based expert system
- modular system
- monitoring system
- monitor system
- mosaic system
- multiagent system

- multichannel system
- multicomputer system
- multidimensional system
- multifrequency system
- multilevel storage system
- multiloop system
- multimaster communication system
- multimicroprocessor system
- multiple computation system
- multiple-bus system
- multiple-coincident magnetic storage system
- multiple-output control system
- multiplex system
- multiport system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor system
- multiprogramming computer system
- multiprogramming system
- multisite system
- multispeaker system
- multistable system
- multitasking operating system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser computer system
- multiuser system
- multiuser operating system
- multivariable system
- multivariate system
- negative-base number representation system
- negative-base number system
- network operating system
- node-replicated system
- noncomputerized system
- nonconsistently based number system
- nondegenerate system
- number representation system
- numbering system
- number system
- numeral system
- numeration system
- numerical system
- octal number system
- octal system
- office automation system
- off-line system
- on-demand system
- one-level storage system
- one-loop system
- one-over-one address system
- on-line system
- open-ended system
- open system
- open-loop system
- operating system
- operational system
- optical memory system
- overdetermined system
- overload-hold system
- page-on-demand system
- panelboard system
- paper-tape system
- parameter-driven expert system
- pattern recognition system
- peek-a-boo system
- peripheral system
- pipeline system
- polled system
- polymorphic system
- polyphase system
- portable system
- positional representation system
- Post-production system
- priority scheduling system
- priority system
- procedural expert system
- process control system
- processor-sharing system
- production control system
- production system
- program system
- programming system
- protection system
- pulse system
- pulse-or-no-pulse system
- pulse-signal system
- punch card computer system
- pure-binary numeration system
- purposeful system
- quadruplex system
- question-answering system
- queueing system
- queue system
- radix numbering system
- radix number system
- reactive system
- reading system
- real-time expert system
- real-time operating system
- real-time system
- reasoning system
- recognition system
- recording system
- recovery system
- reduntant number system
- reduntant system
- reflected binary number system
- reflected binary system
- refreshment system
- remote-access system
- replicating system
- representation system
- request-repeat system
- rerecording system
- residue number system
- residue system
- resource-sharing system
- restorable system
- retrieval system
- retrieval-only system
- rewrite system

- right-handed coordinate system
- robotic system
- robot system
- rule-based expert system
- rule-based system
- scalable system
- selection system
- self-adapting system
- self-adjusting system
- self-aligning system
- self-balancing system
- self-check system
- self-contained system
- self-correcting system
- self-descriptive system
- self-learning system
- self-organizing system
- self-sustained oscillation system
- self-test system
- sensor-based system
- sequential scheduling system
- sexadecimal number system
- sexadecimal system
- shared-files system
- shell expert system
- silicon-development system
- simplex system
- single-drive system
- single-inheritance system
- single-phase clock system
- single-site system
- single-user computer system
- SISO system
- skeletal expert system
- slave system
- soft-sectored disk system
- software system
- sound system
- source code control system
- source-destination system
- space-division system
- stabilizing system
- stable system
- stand-alone system
- start-stop system
- state-determined system
- stepped start-stop system
- stereo system
- stochastically disturbed system
- storage system
- stripped-down expert system
- subsplit system
- supervisor control system
- switching system
- symbolic assembly system
- syntactical system
- system explanation system
- system of logic
- system of notation
- system with delay
- system with time lag
- tabulating system
- tape data processing system
- tape drive system
- tape handling system
- tape operating system
- tape plotting system
- tape resident system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- taught system
- telecommunictions system
- telecontrol system
- terminal system
- ternary number system
- ternary system
- test system
- testbed system
- text-to-speech system
- time-division system
- time-pattern control system
- time-shared system
- time-shared-bus system
- time-sharing system
- timing system
- total system
- translating system
- translation system
- translator writing system
- transmitting system
- tree-structured system
- trusted computer system
- two-failure mode system
- two-level return system
- two-level system
- two-phase clock system
- ultrastable system
- Unified system
- uninterruptible power system
- uniprocessor system
- unrestorable system
- unstable system
- up system
- variable-lenght record system
- virtual system
- virtual-memory operating system
- vision system
- visual system
- voice/audio processing system
- voice-response system
- volunteer system
- weighted number system
- weighted system
- writing system
- xerox copy system
- zero-one system

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > system
18 шаблон

1) General subject: cam, centre, cliche, face mould, former, gage, gauge, jig, model, mould, pattern, routine, sample, shape, stencil, stencil plate, stereotype, template

2) Computers: layout constant

3) Geology: gauge board

4) Aviation: flat pattern

5) Medicine: mold

6) Colloquial: rubber stamp

7) Military: ( master) form

8) Engineering: bobbin (для обмотки), copy, face-mould, form, formed plate, gauge group, guide block, master form, master plate, master workpiece, matrix, picture, profile, profile form, profile gage, sampler, stencil mask (для трафаретной печати), sweep, template gage, templet, templet gage

9) Chemistry: caliber

10) Construction: basket (для фиксации положения штырей в швах бетонных дорожных покрытий), guiding rule, leveling board (для разравнивания бетонной или растворной смеси), mould board, pitch board, pregauger, reference gauge, scantling gauge, screed, screed board (для разравнивания бетонной или растворной смеси), smoothing board, strike board, strikle, mould-board, tram

11) Railway term: copperspun rotor, copying bar, moulding board

12) Australian slang: number

13) Architecture: clichu, stencil-plate

14) Mining: mule (дорожный), templex

15) Road works: mule

16) Forestry: center, molding block, molding board, sticking board, torsel

17) Metallurgy: strickle, striker, sweep (для формовки без модели)

18) Abbreviation: temp

19) Textile: drawing, outline frame, printing block (для ручной набивки), setting gauge

20) Physics: profile board

21) Electronics: mask

22) Information technology: boiler, boiler plate, boilerplate (в системах подготовки текстов), custom pattern, mold (АЛГОЛ 68), placeholder, template (Используется при описании ресурсов типа "панель диалога"), wildcard, wildcard character

23) Oil: drift mandrel, dummy (насосной установки), gage, matrice material, drift (дефектоскопия трубы, прогоняется внутри трубы)

24) Dentistry: putty index

25) Astronautics: master gage (для сверления отверстий), master plate (для сверления отверстий), template (для сверления отверстий)

26) Cartography: guide

27) Geophysics: recording patch

28) Mechanic engineering: face cam

29) Silicates: mold block, temple

30) Mechanics: control template, copy machining template, copy template, guiding template, master template, profile template

31) Sowing: preparation attachment

32) Advertising: formula

33) Drilling: rabbit

34) Sakhalin energy glossary: drift / rabbit (для проверки диаметра обсадной трубы перед спуском), gauge (gage)

35) Polymers: shaping plate

36) Programming: framework (напр. структурный), template (Параметризованный тип. Шаблон позволяет сгенерировать нужный тип - в зависимости от значения аргумента)

37) Automation: control templet, copy machining templet, copy templet, copying templet, form gage, formed, guiding templet, master, master templet, master-former, modelwork, profile templet, tracing master

38) Quality control: profile gauge

39) Plastics: calibre, stencil (для раскраски и печати)

40) Sakhalin R: gauge (gage)

41) Cables: template (templet)

42) Makarov: former (напр. буквы для изготовления пуансона), prototype, replica, transparency

43) Tengiz: ( track) gage

44) Karachaganak: gage ring, gauge ring

45) Cement: screeding board (для разравнивания бетонной смеси)

46) Dental implantology: stent, surgical drive, surgical guide, surgical implant index, surgical stent, surgical template

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > шаблон
19 system

1) система || системный

2) вычислительная система

3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор

4) система уравнений

5) вчт большая программа

6) метод; способ; алгоритм

•

system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)

- system for event evaluation and review

- system for interactive design

- system of demand equations

- system of units

- system on glass

- 2-2-4 system

- 4-2-4 system

- 4-4-4 system

- absolutely centralized computer system

- access control list system

- accounting system

- Accutrack 400 system

- action logic system

- action-translation system

- active array antenna system

- active night-vision system

- activity-based costing system

- adaptive control system

- adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

- ADE system

- adjoint system

- aerial system

- aerospace support system

- AEW system

- AGS system

- airborne early-warning system

- airborne warning and control system

- airborne weather radar system

- aircraft collision avoidance system

- airfield communication system

- air-traffic control system

- air-traffic control radar-beacon system

- airways environmental radar information system

- alignment-and-exposure system

- all-weather guidance system

- all-weather landing system

- alpha system

- alpha reinforcement system

- alternation-product block-cipher system

- analog protection system

- Andrew file system

- antenna-ground system

- antishock system

- antiskip system

- applet file system

- application control and management system

- application development system

- Armstrong frequency-modulation system

- ASR system

- asymmetric cryptographic system

- asynchronous address communication system

- asynchronous-multiplex system

- ATC system

- attached processor system

- attended system

- A-type Dolby system

- A-type professional Dolby system

- audio system

- audio noise-reduction Dolby system

- audiovisual system

- author system

- authoring system

- automated design engineering system

- automated vision system

- automatic coding system

- automatic computer-controlled electronic scanning system

- automatic control system

- automatic data processing system

- automatic degaussing system

- automatic degaussing control system

- automatic digital encoding system

- automatic gain stabilization system

- automatic intercept system

- automatic noise-reduction system

- automatic program search system

- automatic programmable logic array synthesis system

- automatic radio direction-finding system

- automatic speech-recognition system

- automatic stabilization and control system

- automatic tape calibration system

- automatic-telephone system

- automatic test system

- automatic tuning system

- automatic vacuum deposition system

- automobile navigation system

- autonomous system

- avionics system

- aware system

- balance-line system

- ballistic-missile early-warning system

- band-limited system

- bandwidth compression system

- BAR system

- bare-bones system

- base station system

- baseband radar system

- basic input/output system

- batch-processing system

- Batten system

- BCF system

- beam-current feedback system

- beam-forming system

- beam-guidance system

- beam-rider control system

- beep-only system

- beep-plus-voice system

- billing system

- binary system

- binary number system

- bit-serial system

- blind approach beacon system

- bridge duplex system

- broadcast television system

- B-type Dolby system

- B-type simplified Dolby system

- building-block CAD system

- built-in expert system

- bus system

- business information system

- cable distribution system

- cable modem termination system

- CACE system

- CAD system

- CADIC system

- CAE system

- call queuing system

- calorimeter system

- carrier system

- carrier-communication system

- carrier-telegraph system

- case-based expert system

- CATV system

- CD-4 system

- celestial coordinate system

- celestial guidance system

- cellular radio system

- central-battery system

- central-control system

- central nervous system

- centralized automatic trouble-location system

- centralized computer system

- CF system

- CGS system

- CGS electromagnetic system

- CGS electrostatic system

- chaff communication system

- Chain Home radar system

- chain rdr system

- chaotic system

- chirp radar system

- CH radar system

- ciphertext autokey system

- Civis system

- classifier system

- closed bus system

- closed-circuit television system

- closed-cycle control system

- closed-loop control system

- closed-loop servo system

- cloud and collision warning system

- clutter rejection system

- CMY system

- CMYK system

- coarse-fine system

- code addressed system

- coherent carriers system

- coherent spread-spectrum system

- collision avoidance system

- color management system

- COM system

- command system

- command and control system

- command-driven system

- command guidance system

- command-line operating system

- common system

- common carrier system

- common Internet file system

- common timing system

- communication system

- communications and tracking system

- communications switching system

- community antenna television system

- compact-disk file system

- compatible color television system

- compatible single-sideband system

- compatible stereo system

- compatible stereo-quadraphonic record system

- compatible time-sharing system

- complete residue system

- complex system

- composite guidance system

- compound interferometer system

- computer system

- computer-aided control engineering system

- computer-aided design and test system

- computer-aided engineering system

- computer-aided IC design system

- computer-aided retrieval system

- computer-aided voice wiring system

- computer-assisted radar display system

- computer-augmented oscilloscope system

- computer-based expert system

- computer-based photoelectric-counting system

- computer-controlled system

- computer-controlled electron-beam system

- computer-controlled recording system

- computer output microfilm system

- computer process control system

- computer vision system

- computing system

- configurable system

- configurable business system

- connected-speech recognition system

- connectionist system

- conservative system

- constant-frequency variable-dot system

- content scrambling system

- continuous presence system

- continuous-wave tracking system

- control system

- conversational system

- conversational program system

- Cook system

- cooling system

- cooperative system

- coordinate system

- copy generation management system

- correlated orientation tracking and range system

- correlation tracking system

- correlation tracking and triangulation system

- cotar system

- cotat system

- countermeasure system

- CPsystem

- crossband system

- crossbar system

- cross-development system

- crossed-coincident microphone system

- cryptographic system

- crystal system

- CSR system

- C-type Dolby system

- cubic crystal system

- current awareness system

- customer information control system

- data system

- data-acquisition system

- data-banking system

- database management system

- database management system for workgroups

- data-collection system

- data collection and reduction system

- data communication system

- data-compression system

- data-gathering system

- data-handling system

- data management system

- data-processing system

- data reduction system

- data-retrieval system

- data-transmission system

- dc diode sputtering system

- dc self-synchronous system

- dc triode sputter deposition system

- DDC system

- decentralized computer system

- decimal system

- decimal number system

- decision support system

- dedicated system

- deep submicron system

- defense message system

- descriptor-based protection system

- DEW system

- df antenna system

- diagnostic information system

- dial telephone switching system

- differential duplex system

- differential global positioning system

- Diffie-Hellman system

- digital system

- digital access and cross-connect system

- digital cellular system

- digital cellular system 1800 MHz

- digital data-handling system

- digital link management system

- digital private network signaling system

- Digital Research disk operating system

- digital switching system

- digital television system

- digital voice communication system

- direct-challenge system

- direct-dialing telephone system

- direct-digital control system

- direct-feedback system

- direct program search system

- direction-finder antenna system

- directory assistance system

- direct-sequence system

- direct-spread system

- disaster tolerant disk system

- discrete-address beacon system

- discrete-addressed beacon system

- discrete dynamic system

- discrete-parameter system

- discrete sound system

- discriminating-call system

- discriminating-ring system

- disk operating system

- disperse system

- display system

- dissipative system

- distant early-warning system

- distributed system

- distributed control system

- distributed data base management system

- distributed file system

- distributed information processing system

- distributed-parameter system

- distributed-processing system

- distributed software system

- document preparation system

- document viewing system

- Dolby system

- Dolby A system

- Dolby AC-3 system

- Dolby B system

- Dolby C system

- Dolby Digital system

- Dolby Headroom Extension Pro system

- Dolby HX Pro system

- Dolby Noise Reduction system

- Dolby NR system

- Dolby S system

- Dolby Spectral system

- Dolby Surround system

- Dolby Surround Pro-Logic system

- domain name system

- domestic satellite communication system

- Doppler inertial system

- dot-sequential system

- dot-sequential color-television system

- double capstan system

- dp system

- DS system

- dual fail-safe system

- duplex system

- duplicated system

- dynamic system

- early-warning system

- Earth-satellite-Earth communication system

- Edison power distribution system

- educational expert system

- effective technical and human implementation of computer-based systems

- eight-track cartridge system

- electromechanically driven projection system

- electron beam deflection system

- electron-beam exposure system

- electronic countermeasures system

- electronic data-processing system

- electronic document management system

- electronic funds transfer system

- electronic guidance system

- electronic identification system

- electronic mail system

- electronic meeting system

- electronic performance support system

- electronic-scanning system

- electronic scanning radar system

- electronic switching system

- electronic tracking system

- electron-optical system

- electrooptic light-modulation system

- e-mail system

- embedded system

- emergent system

- end system

- enhanced digital access communications system

- enhanced total access communication system

- enterprise system

- enterprise network management system

- entry-level system

- EOLM system

- equatorial satellite communication system

- equatorial-orbit satellite communication system

- equilibrium system

- equivalent four-wire system

- error-correcting reinforcement system

- error-correcting telegraph system

- error-detecting and feedback system

- European communications satellite system

- European fixed service satellite system

- European radio messaging system

- Eurovision system

- evolutionary stable system

- executive system

- executive information system

- expert system

- extended file system-2

- extra bass system

- extraterrestrial reconnaissance system

- Fabry-Perot mirror system

- facsimile system

- fail-safe system

- fail-soft system

- failure resistant disk system

- failure tolerant disk system

- FAT16 file system

- FAT32 file system

- fault resilient system

- FDM system

- FEC system

- federated system

- feed system

- feedback-control system

- feed-forward system

- fiber-optics system

- fiber optics transmission system

- field system

- field-sequential system

- field-sequential color television system

- field skip system

- file system

- file-control system

- file-oriented system

- film-based projection system

- financial expert system

- first generation wireless system

- fixed-point system

- fixer system

- flat file system

- flexible manufacturing system

- floating-point system

- forced-air cooling system

- forward error control system

- forward-loop system

- four-channel sound system

- four-level system

- fractal information system

- frame-alignment system

- freeway surveillance and control system

- frequency-carrier system

- frequency-division multiplex system

- frequency-hopping system

- frequency-reuse satellite system

- fuel-cell system

- full field system

- future public land mobile telephone system

- fuzzy system

- fuzzy control system

- fuzzy expert system

- fuzzy logic expert system

- 3Gwireless system

- gamma system

- gamma reinforcement system

- gate-array CAD system

- Gauss system

- generalized information system

- general-purpose display system

- geographical information system

- geolocation system

- Giorgi system

- global system

- global system for mobile communication

- global communication system

- global navigation satellite system

- global positioning system

- global telecommunication system

- global time-synchronization system

- graphical kernel system

- ground system

- ground-based scanning antenna system

- ground-control system

- ground-controlled approach system

- ground electrooptical deep-space surveillance system

- ground guidance system

- ground information processing system

- ground instrumentation system

- ground proximity warning system

- group decision support system

- group support system

- guidance system

- H-system

- h-system

- Hamiltonian system

- hard system

- hardware system

- Hartree system

- heat-seeking system

- helium refrigeration system

- heterogeneous agent system

- heuristic-based expert system

- hexagonal crystal system

- hierarchical database management system

- hierarchical file system

- hierarchical recognition system

- high-accuracy data transmission system

- high-density modem system

- high performance file system

- highway system

- HLS system

- holographic ice surveying system

- holographic recording and readout system

- home audio system

- homer system

- homing system

- horn-lens system

- host-based system

- HSB system

- HSV system

- hung system

- hybrid computer system

- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system

- hyperbolic guidance system

- hyperbolic navigation system

- hyperbolic radar system

- hypertext authoring systems

- identification system

- image-forming system

- image information system

- image-processing system

- independent system

- inertial system

- inertial control system

- inertial instrument system

- inertial navigation system

- inertial space reference system

- infinite-dimensional system

- infinitely-fast control system

- information system

- information and control system

- information exchange system

- information-feedback system

- information management system

- information-retrieval system

- infrared heat-seeking system

- infrared search track system

- input/output control system

- inquiry and communications system

- installable file system

- instant program locating system

- instrument-landing system

- insulation system

- integrated antenna system

- intelligence system

- intelligent knowledge-base system

- interactive system

- interactive application system

- interactive design system

- interactive graphics system

- interactive pattern analysis and classification system

- interactive software system

- interactive voice system

- intercarrier sound system

- inter-city telecommunications system

- intercommunication system

- interconnection system

- interference position monitoring system

- intermediate system

- intermediate system to intermediate system

- intermittent control system

- internetwork operating system

- inter-organization system

- interphone system

- interplanetary radar system

- interpretating system

- interrupt system

- Intervision system

- intranet-extranet system

- intrusion detection system

- inverted spin system

- ionoscatter system

- isolated-word recognition system

- isometric crystal system

- isotropic system

- iterated function system

- iterative product-cipher system

- Japanese cellular system

- Java operation system

- J-carrier system

- job entry system

- joint surveillance system

- joint tactical information distribution system

- Ksystem

- K-carrier system

- keyboard-to-disk system

- keyboard-to-tape system

- knowledge system

- knowledge base system

- knowledge-based system

- knowledge-based decision support system

- knowledge-based management system

- Kolmogorov system

- Lsystem

- L*a*b* system

- laminar navigation anticollision system

- laminar air navigation anticollision system

- land mobile radio system

- laser communication system

- laser-deflection system

- laser inertial navigation system

- laser tracking system

- lasing system

- L-carrier system

- LCH system

- learning control system

- left-handed system

- left-handed coordinate system

- legacy system

- lenticular-screen projection system

- life support system

- lightning protective system

- lightwave system

- Lindenmayer system

- linear system

- linear-classifier system

- linear feedback control system

- line-of-sight system

- line-sequential system

- line-sequential color television system

- lithography system

- local area augmentation system

- local battery system

- logical input/output control system

- log-structured file system

- long base-line system

- longitudinal video recording system

- long-range-accuracy radio system

- long-range search system

- Lorenz instrumental landing system

- Lotka-Volterra system

- lossless system

- lossy system

- loudspeaker system

- low-altitude detection system

- lumped-parameter system

- LVR system

- Macintosh file system

- MADA system

- maglev system

- magnetic-levitation system

- mail abuse prevention system

- major-deflection electromagnetic system

- malfunction detection system

- management information system

- management intellectual system

- man-computer system

- man-machine system

- man-machine control system

- manned control system

- manufacturing execution system

- many-level system

- many-energy-level system

- many-particle system

- marketing information system

- maser communication system

- Massachusetts general hospital utility multiprogramming system

- mass-storage system

- master/slave computer system

- matrix sound system

- mature system

- mechanical display system

- mechanical television system

- medical expert system

- message-composition system

- message handling system

- message-rate system

- message-switched communication system

- meta class system

- meta-information system

- metallization system

- meteor-burst communication system

- meteor-scatter-system

- metric system

- microcomputer system

- microcomputer-development system

- microelectromechanical system

- microelectronic system

- microprocessor-based spatial-locating system

- microprocessor-controlled system

- microprocessor delay system

- microprocessor development system

- Microsoft disk operating system

- microwave-beam power-transfer system

- microwave-hologram recording system

- microwave landing system

- microwave relay system

- middle-side system

- military expert system

- military information system

- MIMO system

- minicomputer system

- MKS system

- MKS rationalized system

- mobile telephone system

- mode-converting system

- model-based expert system

- model reference adaptive system

- modular system

- modular breadboarding system

- monitor system

- monoclinic crystal system

- monopulse tracking system

- M-S stereo system

- multi-address asynchronous communication system

- multiagent computer system

- multichannel microwave distribution system

- multicomputer system

- multienergy-level system

- multiline digital voice-response system

- multimedia authoring systems

- multiple-access discrete-address system

- multiple-input multiple-output system

- multiple-processor system

- multiple user system

- multiplex system

- multiplexed information and computing system

- multiplicative array antenna system

- multipoint video distribution system

- multipole system

- multiprocessing system

- multiprocessor system

- multitarget sputtering system

- multitrack recording system

- multiuser system

- multivariable system

- Munsell system

- mutual broadcasting system

- national information processing system

- naval communications system

- navigation system

- near-eye system

- near instantaneous companding system

- nearest-neighbor classifier system

- negative reinforcement system

- neomorphic system

- NetWare management system

- network administration system

- network basic input/output system

- network computing system

- network control system

- network data base management system

- network file system

- network operating system

- neuro-fuzzy system

- new technology file system

- nodal switching system

- noise-reducing antenna system

- noise-reduction system

- non-attended system

- non-equilibrium system

- nonlinear system

- nonlinear feedback control system

- nonredundant system

- nonrepairable system

- nonstop system

- NT file system

- number system

- numeral system

- numerical control system

- object-oriented data base management system

- office information system

- off-line system

- OLCA system

- OLCD system

- omnidirectional speaker system

- on-demand system

- on-line system

- on-line circuit-analysis system

- on-line circuit-design system

- on-line computer system

- online fault-tolerant system

- on-line processing system

- on-off system

- on-off telegraph system

- open system

- open bus system

- open-loop system

- open-tube system

- operating system

- operation system

- operational support system

- operator services system

- optical communication system

- optical data-processing system

- optical detection and ranging system

- optical disk recording system

- optical-fiber transmission system

- optical-radar system

- optical recognition system

- optical tracking system

- optical TV communication system

- optimizing control system

- optoelectronic system

- organic system

- organizational decision support system

- orthorhombic crystal system

- p-system

- PA system

- packaged system

- packetized automatic routing integrated system

- packet-switched data transmission system

- pagemaster system

- pager-phone system

- paging system

- parallel-redundant system

- parallel software system

- parametric system

- partitioned-type memory-allocation system

- passive homing system

- passive tracking system

- pattern matching system

- pattern recognition system

- peak-holdings system

- peek-a-boo system

- peripheral-oriented microcomputer system

- personal call system

- personal computer system

- personal computer disk operating system

- personal data system

- personal handy-phone system

- personal locator system

- phased-array warning system

- phase-locked system

- phase-locked loop system

- Philips DNL system

- Philips dynamic noise-limiter system

- phonetic system

- phonocard system

- photoelectric-guidance system

- photographic projection system

- photomasking system

- photovoltaic power system

- picture coding system

- picture quality system

- pilot system

- plane parallel Fabry-Perot system

- plant automation communications system

- plasma-deposition system

- PLL system

- plug-in modular system

- portable life support system

- position control system

- positive reinforcement system

- power system

- predictive system

- predictive expert system

- priority system

- privacy system

- processing system

- production system

- production expert system

- production inventory control system

- program development system

- programmable system

- programmable airline reservation system

- projection cathode-ray tube system

- projection display system

- property management system

- pseudoquadraphony system

- pseudorandom coded system

- public-address system

- public-address reinforcement system

- public expert system

- public-key system

- public-key cryptographic system

- public telephone system

- pulsed Doppler system

- pulsed FM system

- pulse-modulation system

- QS matrix system

- quadraphonic sound system

- quadruple-diversity system

- quasi-linear feedback control system

- queuing system

- quick fax system

- RADA system

- radar augmentation system

- radar braking system

- radar cross-section instrumentation system

- radar guidance system

- radar identification system

- radar imaging system

- radio command system

- radiocommunication system

- radio data system

- radio-guidance system

- radio-inertial-guidance system

- radionavigation system

- radio-relay system

- radiosonde-radio-wind system

- random-access discrete-address system

- range rate tracking system

- range tracking system

- ranging system

- rapid-scan system

- rationalized system of equations

- readout system

- real-time system

- real-time data system

- real-time expert system

- real-time multi-platform UNIX operating system

- real-time operating system

- Rebecca-Eureka system

- receiver lockout system

- recognition system

- reconfigurable system

- recording system

- recursive system

- redundant system

- reel-to-reel tape transport system

- regulating system

- reinforcement system

- relational data base management system

- relay system

- reliability index system

- remote system

- remote concentrating system

- remote file system

- remote semiconcentrating system

- remote sensing system

- reorder point system

- reorder time system

- repairable system

- reproducing system

- rerecording system

- response-controlled reinforcement system

- restorable system

- restricted connected-speech recognition system

- retrieval system

- RF sputtering system

- RGB system

- rhombohedral crystal system

- rho-theta system

- right-handed system

- right-handed coordinate system

- robot system

- robotics system

- rod memory system

- rotating coordinate system

- rule-based expert system

- run-time system

- sampled-data system

- sampling system

- satellite business system

- satellite communications system

- satellite data transmission system

- satellite multiple-access communication system

- satellite radio system

- satellite-switched multiple-access system

- scanning-projection system

- schlieren system

- scientific expert system

- Scophony television system

- searchless identification system

- second generation wireless system

- secrecy system

- secret-key cryptographic system

- self-adaptive system

- self-adjusting system

- self-contained system

- self-guidance system

- self-organizing system

- self-organizing control system

- self-organizing multiple-access discrete-address system

- self-oscillatory system

- self-structuring system

- self-test system

- self-testing system

- selsyn system

- semiactive-homing system

- semiautomatic telephone system

- sequential software system

- serial copy management system

- serial copying management system

- service provisioning system

- servo system

- ship's inertial marine navigational system

- ship's self-contained navigation system

- short-range air navigation system

- short-range Doppler system

- SI system

- signaling system

- simultaneous system

- simultaneous TV system

- single-degree-of-freedom system

- single-input single-output system

- single-sideband system

- single-track magnetic system

- singular equation system

- SISO system

- SOC system

- socio-technical system

- soft system

- soft eject system

- software system

- solar system

- sound-recording system

- sound-reinforcement system

- sound-reproducing system

- space-communication system

- space detection and tracking system

- space-variant pattern-recognition system

- speaker system

- speaker-adaptive system

- speaker-dependent system

- speaker-independent system

- speaker-recognition system

- speaker verification system

- speech-enhancement system

- speech input/output system

- speech processing system

- speech-recognition system

- speech understanding system

- spin system

- spinodal system

- split-screen system

- split-speaker system

- spread-spectrum system

- SQ matrix system

- stand-alone system

- stand-alone expert system

- stand-alone graphics system

- standard electronics assembly system

- standby power system

- standing-wave system

- stand-off target acquisition system

- star system

- start-stop system

- static system

- static ripple imaging system

- stationary-wave system

- step-and-repeat system

- step-by-step system

- stereo microphone system

- stereo sound system

- sticks layout system

- stimulus-controlled reinforcement system

- stochastic system

- storage and retrieval system

- stored-program electronic-switching system

- strapping system

- Strowger system

- structured cabling system

- structured design system

- structured software system

- structured wiring system

- submarine-cable system

- subscriber carrier system

- super anti-modulation tape system

- superconductor energy-storage system

- super video home system

- supervisory control system

- switched access system

- symbol system

- symbolic system

- symbolic interactive design system

- symmetric cryptographic system

- synchro system

- synchronous data link control system

- tactical air navigation system

- tactical communication system

- talking Rebecca-Eureka system

- tape auto-stop system

- tape operating system

- tape-transport system

- TDM system

- telecine system

- telecommunication system

- telemetering system

- telemetry system

- telemetry data processing system

- telemetry information system

- telephone system

- telephone-answering system

- telephone intercommunication system

- telephone video system

- teleprocessing system

- Teleran system

- teletypewriter switching system

- television identification system

- television relay system

- tetragonal crystal system

- text system

- thermal imaging system

- third generation wireless system

- three-phase four-wire system

- three-way speaker system

- time-division multiplex system

- time-frequency collision avoidance system

- time-invariant system

- time reference system

- time-sharing system

- time-varying system

- total access communication system

- touch system

- tracking system

- traffic-alert and collision avoidance system

- traffic control and surveillance system

- traffic control signal system

- trainable system

- trajectory-measuring system

- transaction processing system

- transcontinental communication system

- transform adaptable-processing system

- transmission system

- transmitter-receiver system

- transputer system

- triclinic crystal system

- trigger-starting system

- trigonal crystal system

- triple interlace system

- triplex system

- troposcatter system

- tropospheric radio system

- trunk -system

- tse system

- turntable drive system

- turnkey system

- two-channel sound system

- two-coordinate scanning system

- two-field interlace system

- two-phase five-wire system

- two-phase four-wire system

- two-phase three-wire system

- two-turntable quick-start system

- two-way system

- type system

- UCSD p-system

- unattended system

- underdetermined system

- underwater viewing system

- ungrounded system

- uniplexed information and computing system

- uniprocessor system

- universal battery system

- universal mobile telecommunication system

- universal serial bus system

- unmanned system

- unrestorable system

- USB system

- value system

- variable-structure system

- V-beam system

- vehicle control system

- vehicular disk reproduction system

- very early warning system

- vibrating system

- video cassette recording system

- video editing system

- video-encoding system

- videofile television record storage system

- video home system

- Videotex system

- virtual key cryptographic system

- virtual memory system

- vision system

- visual communication system

- voice/data system

- voice-frequency telegraph system

- voice operating system

- voice recognition system

- voice-response system

- wafer imaging system

- waiting system

- wave-propagating system

- Web network file system

- wide area augmentation system

- wired broadcasting system

- Wollaston-prism digital light-deflector system

- word processing system

- word recognition system

- word-serial system

- writing system

- X-window system

- x-y-z coordinate system

- system Y-

- y-system

- YIQ system

- YUV system

- Δ-system

English-Russian electronics dictionary > system
20 блок

unit, block;
- (агрегат) — unit
- (ролик, тросовый) — pulley
- (такелажный, погрузочный) — pulley block
- а, д, е (бытовых приборов) — unit а, d, е
- аварийных и предупреждающих сигналов (бап) — warning/caution signal unit
- автоматики (ба, инерц. сист.) — automatic control unit
- автоматического триммирования (бат), автотриммирования — autotrim control unit
-, антенно-электронный — antenna/electronic unit
- баланса (электрического баланса, системы сп-50) — balance control unit
-, балансировки (бб) — stable platform gyro bias drift
дпя компенсации систематической составляющей собственного дрейфа гироскопов гироплатформы по трем осям. — compensator
- ввода начальных данных (пв, инерциальной системы) — control display unit (cdu)
- воздушных параметров (бвп) — air data unit
-, "врубной" — plug-in unit
- bcmb (системы cbc, вычислитепь скорости, чиспа м и высоты) — air data computer
-, вычислительно-усилительный (вуб, инерциальной системы) — computer-amplifier unit
- гиромагнитной коррекции (бгмк) — gyro/mag monitor
-, гидравлический — hydraulic unit (pack)
- датчиков угловых скоростей — rate gyro unit /group/
- демпфирующих гироскопов — rate gyro unit
- дистанционной (дискретной) коррекции (бдк) — navigation computer correction selector
задатчик, устанавливаемый на приборной доске и служащий для компенсации систематической погрешности курсовой системы или цепи счисления пути в нав. вычислитепь (нву) (рис. 69). — selector is installed on сopilot's instrument panel, and is used to compensate systematic errors оf compass system or а/с position reckoning circuit in navigation computer.
- добавочного сопротивления (для ограничения токов в цепи якоря электродвигателя.) — additional resistance unit
- заданной информации по траектории полета — flight path data storage unit (fdsu)
- задатчика скорости (приборной) — ias selector unit
- задающий (в сист. управления) — master unit
- зажигания — ignition unit
-, законченный — definite-purpose unit
- защиты двигателя (бзд) — engine protection unit
- защиты и управления (бзу) — protection and control unit
-, инерциально-навигационный (с гироплатформой) — inertial navigation unit (inu)
- искрогашения (рад.) — spark quench unit
-, исполнительный — actuating unit
- камеры сгорания — combustion section
- кислородного питания, переносной — portable oxygen unit
- кислородного питания (бкп), переносной (аварийный баллон с редуктором и манометром) — (emergency) portable /walkaround/ oxygen cylinder
- кислородного питания (бкп), стационарный — oxygen supply cylinder (unit)
- кислородного оборудования (бко состоит из укладочного блока и кислородной маски) — oxygen unit
- коммутации — switching unit
- коммутации навигационного оборудования (бкн) — navigation equipment switching unit
- коммутации шин (автомат переключения шин) — bus tie relay (unit)
-, конструктивно-законченный — definite-purpose unit
- контроля — monitor
- контроля (переносного типа "тестер") — tester
- контроля исправности (системы) — (system) integrity monitor /monitoring unit/
- контроля кренов (бкк) (сравнивает углы крена и тангажа, индицируемые на обоих пкп и измеряемые резервной курсовертикалью, и при необходимости вырабатывает сигнал отказа.) — attitude monitor (атт mntr)
- коррекции и связи (бкс, инерциальной навигационной системы) — coupler
- кресел (пассажирских) — seat unit
- кресел, двухместный — double-place seat unit
- кресел, трехместный — triple-place seat unit
-, легкосъемный (со штырьевым разъемом) — plug-and-socket quick release unit
- масляных насосов (маслоагрегат) — oil pump block
-, модульный — module
- на твердых схемах (электронный) — solid state circuitry unit (all-solid state circuitry is used in many key chassis areas.)
- наведения (бн) — guidance unit
в системе сау для управления механизмом триммерного эффекта продольного канала. — directs an aircraft with referеncе 'to selection of a flight path.
-, натяжной (для регулирования натяжения тросовой проводки) — cable tensioning pulley
-, натяжной (оттяжной, тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
- неуправляемых ракет (подвесной) — rocket pod
- ограничения режимов (автопилота, бор) — mode limiter
- опасной высоты (автопилота,бов) — preselected radio altitude unit
- оперативной памяти (устройство) — random-access memory (ram) ram output data is transferred on the memory bus.
- (иммитации) отказов (системы сау) — failure simulator
- отключения генератора (бог) — generator cut-out unit
-, оттяжной (тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
- очередности (очереди работы озу) — queue control block (а block that is used to regulate the sequential use of a programmer.)
- памяти (внешней) — storage unit
- памяти воздушных сигналов — air data storage unit
- передачи данных — data transmitter
-, перекидной (роликовый) — guide pulley block
- переключения потребителей (бпп) — load monitor relay (unit) (lmr)
- переключения шин (автомат) — bus tie relay unit (btr)
- перекрестных связей (бпс) — cross-coupling unit
- питания — power unit
- питания потребителей (бпп) — power unit
- пластин (аккумулятора), отрицательный — negative plate group
- пластин (аккумулятора), положительный — positive plate group
-, погрузочный (тросовой проводки с лебедкой) — (cargo) loading /handling/ pulley block
- подрыва (сро) — destructor (unit)
- подшипника, внутренний — bearing inner race and cage assembly
-, полностью собранный на транзисторах — all-transistorized unit
- полупроводниковых приборов(бпп) — semiconductor module
- постоянной памяти (устройство) — read-only memory (rom) rom output data is transferred on the memory bus.
- постоянной памяти (внешнее устройство) — permanent storage
- преобразования (системы свс) — converter
- преобразования сигналов (системы мсрп) — signal conditioning unit
- приема данных — data receiver
- приема и обработки сигналов (навигац.системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
-,приемо-вычислительный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu)
-,приемо-процессорный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu) contains the circuitry to process the received omega and vlf signals.
-, процессорно-вычислительный (пb, системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
- разовых команд (брк) — event signal unit
- распределения углов (бру, крена, курса, тангажа инерциальной системы) — pitch, roll and heading angular information distributor (used to transfer pitch, roll and heading angular information to respective systems.)
- растормаживания (блок тормоза) — brake retraction mechanism
- реактивных орудий (подвесной) — rocket pod
- регулирования частоты генератора (брч) — generator frequency control unit
- регулировочно-коммутационный (автопилота) — coupler
- речевой информации (ри) — voice warning unit (vwu)
- речевых команд (брк) — voice warding unit (vwu)
- (2-х) роликовый — (twin) pulley block
-,рулевой (рб,автопилота) — servo (unit)
- ручного триммирования — manual trim control unit
- связи — coupling unit, coupler
-, связи аналого-цифровой (ацбс) — analog-digital coupler
служит для преобразования входных данных в цифровой код и цифрового кода в выходные данные. — converts input data into digital code, and then digital code into output signals.
- связи, антенный (системы "омега") — antenna coupler (acu)
- связи низкой частоты доплеровского измерителя скорости и сноса — doppler lf coupler
- связи с антенной — antenna coupler unit
- связи с курсовой системой — compass system coupling unit /coupler/
- связи с радиолокационным оборудованием — radar coupling unit /coupler/
- сигнализации нарушения питания (снп) — power fail relay (unit)
- сигнализации предельных кренов (бспк для включения табло крен лев (прав) велик) — limit bank warn(ing) unit (to operate high l(r) bank annunciators)
- сигналов отказа (бсо) — failure signal unit
- сидений (кресел, двух-трехместный) — (double-, triple-place) seat unit
- скоростных гироскопов — rate gyro unit/group/
- собранный на транзисторах — transistorized unit
- согласования (автопилота) — synchronizer
- согласования (сарпп) — signal conditioning unit
- согласования (сист. высотноскоростных параметров) — synchronizer
- согласования курса (бск, сист. бскв) — heading synchronizer
- согласующих устройств (бсу, системы мсрп) — signal conditioning unit
- сопряжения антенн (системы омега) — antenna coupler unit (acu)
- специализированного питания (бсп, инерциональной системы) — power unit
- сравнения — comparator
- сравнения гировертикалей (бсг) — vertical gyro comparator, vg comparator
- сравнения сигналов компасов — compass signal comparator
- страниц — page block

а normal blank page within a page block (e.g. the back of a fold-out page) shall be identified as follows. pages 823/824 (ata-1oo, 1-1-1, p.2)
- страниц раздела технология обслуживания, включает: обслуживание (стр. 301-400) демонтаж/монтаж (стр. 401-500) регулировка/испытание (стр. 501-600) осмотр/проверка (стр. 601-700) очистка/окраска (стр. 701-800) 1 текущий ремонт (стр. 801-900) — maintenance practices page number blocks are as follows: servicing (pages 301-400) removal/installation (401-500) adjustment/test (501-600) inspection/check (601-700) cleaning/painting (701-800) approved repairs (801-900)
- страниц, стандартный — standard page number block

standard page number blocks to be used for the maintenance manual are as follows:
(напр. описание и работа стр. 1-1oo — description and operation, pages 1 to 100
отыскание неисправности стр. 101-200 и т.д.) — trouble shooting, pages 101-200

maintenance practices, pages 201-300 servicing pages 301-400 (ata-1oo, 2-1-1 p.2)
- суммарного измерения (топливомера (бси) — fuel quantity totalizer
- суммарной сигнализации (топливомера) (бсс) — total fuel indication unit
- (-) схема — block diagram
блок-схемы используются в описательной части руководств для общего ознакомления с работой и соединениями сложной эпектрической или электронной системы (рис. 95). — the block diagram shall be used in the descriptive portion of the manuals to simplify complex circuits to understand the system function and operation.
- (-) схема (подрисуночная надпись, напр. "блоксхема доплеровекого измерителя) — block schematic туре 72 doppler - block schematic
- топливомера (электронный) — fuel quantity unit
- тормоза (колеса) — brake unit
- траекторного управления (бту системы сту) — flight director unit, fd unit
- трансформаторно-выпрямительный — transformer-rectifier unit (tr, tru, t/r;
-, укладочный (для кислородной маски и шланга) — (oxygen mask) container
-, унифицированный (уб для pc) — rocket pod (rkt pod)
- управления — control unit
- управления и индикации (нав. сист. "омега") — control display unit (cdu)
- управления и индикации расстояния до пункта назначения и отклонения от курса — along/across track display controller
- управления сигнализацией — warning system control unit
- усилителя сервопривода крена (бус крена) — aileron servo amplifier (unit)
- усилителя сервопривода тангажа (бус тангажа) — elevator servo amplifier (unit)
- усилителей сервоприводов (бус, автопилота) — servo amplifier unit, autopilot amplifier unit

provides power outputs to drive the control surface servos.
-, усилительный (автопилота) — autopilot amplifier
-, усилительный, крена (тангажа, рыскания) — roll (pitch, yaw) channel amplifier unit
- формирования (сигналов) и контроля — signal conditioning and monitor unit
бфк, формирует сигналы h, m, vпр) и вырабат. сигналы отказа датчиков
-, функционально-законченный — definite-purpose unit
- центровки самолета (сист. топливомера) (бцс) — fuel equalizer
- цилиндров — cylinder block
соединение нескольких цилиндров в общем конструктивном узле
- цилиндров (тормоза колеса) (рис. 32) — cylinder block
силовой узел тормоза, воздействующий при подаче давления на нажимной диск, сжимающий тормозные (вращающиеся и неподвижные) диски, — the two sets of four piston and cylinder assemblies are incorporated in the torque plate of the cylinder block to provide fully dupplicated and independent application of brake.
- чередования фаз (бчф) — phase-sequence (relay) unit
- электроники (бэ, инерц. сист.) — electronic unit

Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > блок

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См. также в других словарях:

control number — n. a number used to calculate the size of the build up pin when; (a) the sizes of bottom and master pins are known, or (b) the bitting depths of all operating keys are known … Locksmith dictionary
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Master — Mas ter (m[.a]s t[ e]r), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. ma[^i]tre, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me gas. Cf. {Maestro}, {Magister}, {Magistrate}, {Magnitude}, {Major},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Master in chancery — Master Mas ter (m[.a]s t[ e]r), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. ma[^i]tre, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me gas. Cf. {Maestro}, {Magister}, {Magistrate}, {Magnitude},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Master joint — Master Mas ter (m[.a]s t[ e]r), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. ma[^i]tre, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me gas. Cf. {Maestro}, {Magister}, {Magistrate}, {Magnitude},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Master key — Master Mas ter (m[.a]s t[ e]r), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. ma[^i]tre, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me gas. Cf. {Maestro}, {Magister}, {Magistrate}, {Magnitude},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Master lode — Master Mas ter (m[.a]s t[ e]r), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. ma[^i]tre, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me gas. Cf. {Maestro}, {Magister}, {Magistrate}, {Magnitude},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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